5.1 INTRODUCTION

You already know how to identify different lines, line segments and angles in a given shape. Can you identify the different line segments and angles formed in the following figures? (Fig 5.1)

Can you also identify whether the angles made are acute or obtuse or right?

Recall that a line segment has two end points. If we extend the two end points in either direction endlessly, we get a line. Thus, we can say that a line has no end points. On the other hand, recall that a ray has one end point (namely its starting point). For example, look at the figures given below:

Here, Fig 5.2 (i) shows a line segment, Fig 5.2 (ii) shows a line and Fig 5.2 (iii) is that of a ray. Aline segment $PQ$ is generally denoted by the symbol $\overline{PQ}$, a line $AB$ is denoted by the symbol $\overrightarrow{{}AB}$ and the ray OP is denoted by $\stackrel{\text{ UP }}{OP}$. Give some examples of line segments and rays from your daily life and discuss them with your friends.

Again recall that an angle is formed when lines or line segments meet. In Fig 5.1, observe the corners. These corners are formed when two lines or line segments intersect at a point. For example, look at the figures given below:

In Fig 5.3 (i) line segments $AB$ and $BC$ intersect at $B$ to form angle $A B C$, and again line segments $B C$ and $A C$ intersect at $C$ to form angle $ACB$ and so on. Whereas, in Fig 5.3 (ii) lines $PQ$ and $RS$ intersect at $O$ to form four angles POS, SOQ, QOR and ROP. An angle ABC is represented by the symbol $\angle ABC$. Thus, in Fig 5.3 (i), the three angles formed are $\angle ABC, \angle BCA$ and $\angle BAC$, and in Fig 5.3 (ii), the four angles formed are $\angle POS, \angle SOQ, \angle QOR$ and $\angle POR$. You have already

TRY THESE

List ten figures around you and identify the acute, obtuse and right angles found in them. studied how to classify the angles as acute, obtuse or right angle.

Note: While referring to the measure of an angle $ABC$, we shall write $m \angle ABC$ as simply $\angle ABC$. The context will make it clear, whether we are referring to the angle or its measure.

5.2 RELATED ANGLES

5.2.1 Complementary Angles

When the sum of the measures of two angles is $90^{\circ}$, the angles are called complementary angles.

Are these two angles complementary?

Fig 5.4

No

Whenever two angles are complementary, each angle is said to be the complement of the other angle. In the above diagram (Fig 5.4), the ’ $30^{\circ}$ angle’ is the complement of the ’ $60^{\circ}$ angle’ and vice versa.

THINK, DISCUSS AND WRITE

1. Can two acute angles be complement to each other?

2. Can two obtuse angles be complement to each other?

3. Can two right angles be complement to each other?

TRY THESE

1. Which pairs of following angles are complementary? (Fig 5.5)

2. What is the measure of the complement of each of the following angles?

(i) $45^{\circ}$

(ii) $65^{\circ}$

(iii) $41^{\circ}$

(iv) $54^{\circ}$

3. The difference in the measures of two complementary angles is $12^{\circ}$. Find the measures of the angles.

5.2.2 Supplementary Angles

Let us now look at the following pairs of angles (Fig 5.6):

Do you notice that the sum of the measures of the angles in each of the above pairs (Fig 5.6) comes out to be $180^{\circ}$ ? Such pairs of angles are called supplementary angles. When two angles are supplementary, each angle is said to be the supplement of the other.

THINK, DISCUSS AND WRITEe

1. Can two obtuse angles be supplementary?

2. Can two acute angles be supplementary?

3. Can two right angles be supplementary?

TRY THESE

1. Find the pairs of supplementary angles in Fig 5.7:

2. What will be the measure of the supplement of each one of the following angles?

(i) $100^{\circ}$

(ii) $90^{\circ}$

(iii) $55^{\circ}$

(iv) $125^{\circ}$

3. Among two supplementary angles the measure of the larger angle is $44^{\circ}$ more than the measure of the smaller. Find their measures.

EXERCISE 5.1

1. Find the complement of each of the following angles:

2. Find the supplement of each of the following angles:

(iii)

3. Identify which of the following pairs of angles are complementary and which are supplementary.

(i) $65^{\circ}, 115^{\circ}$

(ii) $63^{\circ}, 27^{\circ}$

(iii) $112^{\circ}, 68^{\circ}$

(iv) $130^{\circ}, 50^{\circ}$

(v) $45^{\circ}, 45^{\circ}$

(vi) $80^{\circ}, 10^{\circ}$

4. Find the angle which is equal to its complement.

5. Find the angle which is equal to its supplement.

6. In the given figure, $\angle 1$ and $\angle 2$ are supplementary angles.

If $\angle 1$ is decreased, what changes should take place in $\angle 2$ so that both the angles still remain supplementary.

7. Can two angles be supplementary if both of them are:

(i) acute?

(ii) obtuse?

(iii) right?

8. An angle is greater than $45^{\circ}$. Is its complementary angle greater than $45^{\circ}$ or equal to $45^{\circ}$ or less than $45^{\circ}$ ?

9. Fill in the blanks:

(i) If two angles are complementary, then the sum of their measures is _______

(ii) If two angles are supplementary, then the sum of their measures is _______

(iii) If two adjacent angles are supplementary, they form a _______

10. In the adjoining figure, name the following pairs of angles.

(i) Obtuse vertically opposite angles

(ii) Adjacent complementary angles

(iii) Equal supplementary angles

(iv) Unequal supplementary angles

(v) Adjacent angles that do not form a linear pair

5.3 PAIRS OF LINES

5.3.1 Intersecting Lines

Fig 5.8

The blackboard on its stand, the letter Y made up of line segments and the grill-door of a window (Fig 5.8), what do all these have in common? They are examples of intersecting lines.

Two lines $l$ and $m$ intersect if they have a point in common. This common point $O$ is their point of intersection.

THINK, DISCUSS AND WRITE

In Fig 5.9, $AC$ and $BE$ intersect at $P$.

$AC$ and $BC$ intersect at $C, AC$ and $EC$ intersect at $C$.

Try to find another ten pairs of intersecting line segments.

Should any two lines or line segments necessarily intersect? Can you find two pairs of non-intersecting line segments in the figure?

Can two lines intersect in more than one point? Think about it.

Fig 5.9

TRY THESE

1. Find examples from your surroundings where lines intersect at right angles.

2. Find the measures of the angles made by the intersecting lines at the vertices of an equilateral triangle.

3. Draw any rectangle and find the measures of angles at the four vertices made by the intersecting lines.

4. If two lines intersect, do they always intersect at right angles?

5.3.2 Transversal

You might have seen a road crossing two or more roads or a railway line crossing several other lines (Fig 5.10). These give an idea of a transversal.

A line that intersects two or more lines at distinct points is called a transversal.

In the Fig 5.11, $p$ is a transversal to the lines $l$ and $m$.

In Fig 5.12 the line $p$ is not a transversal, although it cuts two lines $l$ and $m$. Can you say, ‘why’?

5.3.3. Angles made by a Transversal

In Fig 5.13, you see lines $l$ and $m$ cut by transversal $p$. The eight angles marked 1 to 8 have their special names:

Fig 5.13

TRY THESE

1. Suppose two lines are given. How many transversals can you draw for these lines?

2. If a line is a transversal to three lines, how many points of intersections are there?

3. Try to identify a few transversals in your surroundings.

Note: Corresponding angles (like $\angle 1$ and $\angle 5$ in Fig 5.14) include

(i) different vertices

(ii) are on the same side of the transversal and

(iii) are in ‘corresponding’ positions (above or below, left or right) relative to the two lines.

Alternate interior angles (like $\angle 3$ and $\angle 6$ in Fig 5.15)

(i) have different vertices

(ii) are on opposite sides of the transversal and

(iii) lie ‘between’ the two lines.

Fig 5.15

TRY THESE

Name the pairs of angles in each figure:

5.3.4 Transversal of Parallel Lines

Do you remember what parallel lines are? They are lines on a plane that do not meet anywhere. Can you identify parallel lines in the following figures? (Fig 5.16)

Transversals of parallel lines give rise to quite interesting results.

DO THIS

Take a ruled sheet of paper. Draw (in thick colour) two parallel lines $l$ and $m$.

Draw a transversal $t$ to the lines $l$ and $m$. Label $\angle 1$ and $\angle 2$ as shown [Fig 5.17(i)]. Place a tracing paper over the figure drawn. Trace the lines $l, m$ and $t$.

Slide the tracing paper along $t$, until $l$ coincides with $m$.

You find that $\angle 1$ on the traced figure coincides with $\angle 2$ of the original figure.

In fact, you can see all the following results by similar tracing and sliding activity.

(i) $\angle 1=\angle 2\quad$ (ii) $\angle 3=\angle 4$

(iii) $\angle 5=\angle 6\quad$ (iv) $\angle 7=\angle 8$

This activity illustrates the following fact:

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, each pair of corresponding angles are equal in measure.

We use this result to get another interesting result. Look at Fig 5.18.

When $t$ cuts the parallel lines, $l, m$, we get, $\angle 3=\angle 7$ (vertically opposite angles).

But $\angle 7=\angle 8$ (corresponding angles). Therefore, $\angle 3=\angle 8$

You can similarly show that $\angle 1=\angle 6$. Thus, we have the following result :

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, each pair of alternate interior angles are equal.

This second result leads to another interesting property. Again, from Fig 5.18.

$\angle 3+\angle 1=180^{\circ}$ ( $\angle 3$ and $\angle 1$ form a linear pair)

But $\angle 1=\angle 6$ (A pair of alternate interior angles)

Therefore, we can say that $\angle 3+\angle 6=180^{\circ}$.

Similarly, $\angle 1+\angle 8=180^{\circ}$. Thus, we obtain the following result:

If two parallel lines are cut by a transversal, then each pair of interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary.

You can very easily remember these results if you can look for relevant ‘shapes’.

DO THIS

Draw a pair of parallel lines and a transversal. Verify the above three statements by actually measuring the angles.

TRY THESE

5.4 CHECKING FOR PARALLEL LINES

If two lines are parallel, then you know that a transversal gives rise to pairs of equal corresponding angles, equal alternate interior angles and interior angles on the same side of the transversal being supplementary.

When two lines are given, is there any method to check if they are parallel or not? You need this skill in many life-oriented situations.

Adraftsman uses a carpenter’s square and a straight edge (ruler) to draw these segments (Fig 5.19). He claims they are parallel. How?

Are you able to see that he has kept the corresponding angles to be equal? (What is the transversal here?)

Thus, when a transversal cuts two lines, such that pairs of corresponding angles are equal, then the lines have to be parallel.

Look at the letter Z(Fig 5.20). The horizontal segments here are parallel, because the alternate angles are equal.

When a transversal cuts two lines, such that pairs of alternate interior angles are equal, the lines have to be parallel.

Fig 5.19

Fig 5.20

Draw a line $l$ (Fig 5.21).

Draw a line $m$, perpendicular to $l$. Again draw a line $p$, such that $p$ is perpendicular to $m$.

Thus, $p$ is perpendicular to a perpendicular to $l$.

You find $p | l$. How? This is because you draw $p$ such that $\angle 1+\angle 2=180^{\circ}$.

Fig 5.21

Thus, when a transversal cuts two lines, such that pairs of interior angles on the same side of the transversal are supplementary, the lines have to be parallel.

TRY THESE

EXERCISE 5.2

1. State the property that is used in each of the following statements?

(i) If $a || b$, then $\angle 1=\angle 5$.

(ii) If $\angle 4=\angle 6$, then $a \ || b$.

(iii) If $\angle 4+\angle 5=180^{\circ}$, then $a \ || b$.

2. In the adjoining figure, identify

(i) the pairs of corresponding angles.

(ii) the pairs of alternate interior angles.

(iii) the pairs of interior angles on the same side of the transversal.

(iv) the vertically opposite angles.

3. In the adjoining figure, $p || q$. Find the unknown angles.

4. Find the value of $x$ in each of the following figures if $l || m$.

5. In the given figure, the arms of two angles are parallel.

If $\angle ABC=70^{\circ}$, then find

(i) $\angle DGC$

(ii) $\angle DEF$

6. In the given figures below, decide whether $l$ is parallel to $m$.

WHAT HAVE WE DISCUSSED?

1. We recall that (i) A line-segment has two end points.

(ii) A ray has only one end point (its initial point); and

(iii) A line has no end points on either side.

2. When two lines $l$ and $m$ meet, we say they intersect; the meeting point is called the point of intersection.

When lines drawn on a sheet of paper do not meet, however far produced, we call them to be parallel lines.