We see so many objects around us. On the way to school we see things like buses, cars, cycles, trees, animals and sometimes flowers. How do you think, we see objects?

Think of the same places at night time if it were completely dark. What will you see? Suppose you go inside a completely dark room. Are you able to see any objects in the room?

But, when you light a candle or a torch you can see the objects present in the room, isn’t it? Without light, things cannot be seen. Light helps us see objects.

The torch bulb is an object that gives out light of its own. The Sun, is another familiar object that gives its own light. During the day, its light allows us to see objects. Objects like the sun that give out or emit light of their own are called luminous objects.

What about objects like a chair, a painting or a shoe? We see these when light from a luminous object (like the Sun, a torch or an electric light) falls on these and then travels towards our eye.

8.1 TRANSPARENT, OPAGUE AND TRANSLUCENT OBJECTS

Recall our grouping objects as opaque, transparent or translucent, in Chapter 2. If we cannot see through an object at all, it is an opaque object. If you are able to see clearly through an object, it is allowing light to pass through it and is transparent. There are some objects through which we can see, but not very clearly. Such objects are known as translucent.

Activity 1

Look around yourself and collect as many objects as you can - an eraser, plastic scale, pen, pencil, notebook, single sheet of paper, tracing paper or a piece of cloth. Try to look at something far away, through each of these objects (Fig. 8.1). Is light from a far away object able to travel to your eye, through any of the objects?

Record your observations in a table as shown in Table 8.1.

We see that a given object or material could be transparent, translucent or

Fig. 8.1 Observing objects that do or do not allow light to pass through them

Table 8.1

opaque depending on whether it allows light to pass through it completely, partially or not at all.

8.2 WHAT EXACTLY ARE SHADOWS?

Activity 2

Now, one by one hold each of the opaque objects in the sunlight, slightly above the ground. What do you see on the ground? You know that the dark patch formed by each on the ground is due to its shadow. Sometimes you can identify the object by looking at its shadow (Fig. 8.2).

Spread a sheet of paper on the ground. Hold a familiar opaque object at some height, so that its shadow is formed on the sheet of paper on the ground.

Fig. 8.2 Sometimes shadow of an object gives an idea about its shape

Ask one of your friends to draw outline of the shadow while you are holding the object. Draw outlines of the shadows of other objects in a similar way.

Now, ask some other friends to identify the objects from these outlines of shadows. How many objects are they able to identify correctly?

Do you observe your shadow in a dark room or at night when there is no light? Do you observe a shadow when there is just a source of light and nothing else, in a room? It seems we need a source of light and an opaque object, to see a shadow. Is there anything else required?

Activity 3

This is an activity that you will have to do in the dark. In the evening, go out in an open ground with a few friends. Take a torch and a large sheet of cardboard with you. Hold the torch close to the ground and shine it upwards so that its light falls on your friend’s face. You now have a source of light that is falling on an opaque object. If there were no trees, building or any other object behind your friend, would you see the shadow of your friend’s head? This does not mean that there is no shadow.

Fig. 8.3 A shadow is obtained only on a screen

After all, the light from the torch is not able to pass through his body to the other side.
$\quad$ Now, ask another friend to hold the cardboard sheet behind your friend. Is the shadow now seen on the cardboard sheet (Fig. 8.3)?

Fig. 8.4 Shadows of animals hidden in your hand

Thus, the shadow can be seen only on a screen. The ground, walls of a room, a building, or other such surfaces act as a screen for the shadows you observe in everyday life.

Shadows give us some information about shapes of objects. Sometimes, shadows can also mislead us about the shape of the object. In Fig. 8.4 are a few shadows that we can create with our hands and make-believe that they are shadows of different animals. Have fun!

Activity 4

Place a chair in the school ground on a sunny day. What do you observe from the shadow of the chair?

Does the shadow give an accurate picture of the shape of the chair? If the chair is turned around a little, how does the shape of the shadow change?

Take a thin notebook and look at its shadow. Then, take a rectangular box and look at its shadow. Do the two shadows seem to have a similar shape?

Take flowers or other objects of different colours and look at their shadows. A red rose and a yellow rose, for instance. Do the shadows look different in colour, when the colours of the objects are different?

Take a long box and look at its shadow on the ground. When you move the box around, you may see that the size of the shadow changes. When is the shadow of the box the shortest, when the long side of the box is pointed towards the Sun or when the short side is pointing towards the Sun?

Let us use this long box, to prepare a simple camera.

8.3 A PINHOLE CAMERA

You might think that we need a lot of stuff to make a camera? Not really. If we just wish to make a simple pin hole camera.

Activity 5

Take two boxes of cardboard such that one can slide into another with no gap in between them. Cut open one side of each box. On the opposite face of the larger box, make a small hole in the middle [Fig. 8.5 (a)]. In the smaller box, cut out from the middle a square with a side of about 5 to $6 \mathrm{~cm}$. Cover this open square in the box with tracing paper (translucent screen) [Fig. 8.5 (b)]. Slide the smaller box inside the larger one with the hole, in such a way that the side with the tracing paper is inside [Fig. 8.5 (c)]. Your pinhole camera is ready for use.

Holding the pinhole camera look through the open face of the smaller box. You should use a piece of black cloth to cover your head and the pinhole camera. Now, try to look at some distant objects like a tree or a building through the pinhole camera. Make sure that the objects you wish to look at through your pinhole camera are in bright sun shine. Move the smaller box forward or backward till you get a picture on the tracing paper pasted at the other end.

Are these pinhole images different from their shadows?

Look through your pinhole camera at the vehicles and people moving on the road in bright sunlight.

Do the pictures seen in the camera show the colours of the objects on the other side? Are the images erect or upside down? Surprise, surprise!

Let us now image the Sun, with our pinhole camera. We need a slightly different set up for this. We just need a large sheet of cardboard with a small pinhole in the middle. Hold the sheet up in the Sun and let its shadow fall on a clear area. Do you see a small circular image of the Sun in the middle of the shadow of the cardboard sheet?

Look at these pinhole images of the Sun when an eclipse is visible from your location. Adjust your pinhole and screen to get a clear image before the eclipse is to occur. Look at the image as the eclipse begins. You will notice a part

Fig. 8.5 A sliding pin hole camera

of the image of the Sun gradually becoming darker as the eclipse starts.

Never ever look directly at the Sun

That could be extremely harmful for the eyes.
$\quad$ There is an interesting pinhole camera in nature. Sometimes, when we pass under a tree covered with large number of leaves, we notice small patches of sunlight under it (Fig. 8.6). These circular images are, in fact, pinhole images of the Sun. The gaps between the leaves, act as the pinholes. These gaps are all kinds of irregular shapes, but, we can see circular images of the Sun.

Fig. 8.6 A natural pinhole camera. Pinhole images of the Sun under a tree!

Try to locate images of the Sun when an eclipse occurs next. That could be so much fun!
$\quad$ Boojho has this thought. We saw upside down images of people on the road, with our pinhole camera. What about the images of the Sun? Did we notice them to be upside down or anything like that? Paheli has another thought. Surely, all these results that we are seeing, formation of shadows and pinhole images are possible only if light moves in a straight path?

Activity 6

Let us use a piece of a pipe or a long rubber tube. Light a candle and fix it on a table at one end of the room. Now standing at the other end of the room look at the candle through the pipe

Fig. 8.7 Looking through a pipe pointed (a) towards and (b) a little away from a candle

[Fig. 8.7 (a)]. Is the candle visible? Bend the pipe a little while you are looking at the candle [Fig. 8.7 (b)]. Is the candle visible now? Turn the pipe a little to your right or left. Can you see the candle now?

What do you conclude from this?
This suggests that light travels along a straight line, isn’t it? That is why, when opaque objects obstruct it, a shadow forms.

8.4 MIRRORS AND REFLECTIONS

We all use mirrors at home. You look into the mirror and see your own face inside the mirror. What you see is a reflection of your face in the mirror. We also see reflections of other objects that are in front of the mirror. Sometimes, we see reflections of trees, buildings and other objects in the water of a pond or a lake.

Activity 7

This activity should be done at night or in a dark room. Ask one of your friends to hold a mirror in his/her hand at one corner of the room. Stand at another corner with a torch in your hand. Cover the glass of torch with your fingers and switch it on. Adjust your fingers with a small gap between them so that you can get a beam of light. Direct the beam of the torch light onto the mirror that your friend is holding. Do you see a patch of light on the other side (Fig. 8.8)?

Fig. 8.8 A mirror reflects a beam of light

Now, adjust the direction of the torch so that the patch of light falls on another friend standing in the room.
$\quad$ This activity suggests that a mirror changes the direction of light that falls on it.
Here is an activity that shows light travelling along straight lines and getting reflected from a mirror.

Activity 8

Fix a comb on one side of a large thermo Col sheet and fix a mirror on the other side as shown in Fig. 8.9. Spread a dark coloured sheet of paper between the mirror and the comb. Keep this in sunlight or send a beam of light from a torch through the comb.

What do you observe? Do you get a pattern similar to that shown in Fig. 8.9?

This activity gives us an idea of the manner in which light travels and gets reflected from a mirror.

Fig. 8.9 Light travelling in a straight line and getting reflected from a mirror

Key words

$\begin{array}{l} \text{Luminous} \\ \text{Mirror} \\ \text{Opaque} \\ \text{Pinhole camera} \\ \text{Reflection} \\ \text{Shadow} \\ \text{Translucent} \\ \text{Transparent} \\ \end{array}$

SUMMARY

• Opaque objects do not allow light to pass through them.
• Transparent objects allow light to pass through them and we can see through these objects clearly.
• Translucent objects allow light to pass through them partially.
• Shadows are formed when an opaque object comes in the path of light.
• Pinhole camera can be made with simple materials and can be used to image the Sun and brightly lit objects.
• Light travels in straight line.
• Mirror reflection gives us clear images.

EXERCISES

1. Rearrange the boxes given below to make a sentence that helps us understand opaque objects.

$ \begin{array}{|l|} \hline \text{OWS} \quad \\ \hline \end{array} $ $ \begin{array}{|l|} \hline \text{AKE} \quad \\ \hline \end{array} $ $ \begin{array}{|l|} \hline \text{OPAQ} \quad \\ \hline \end{array} $ $ \begin{array}{|l|} \hline \text{UEO} \quad \\ \hline \end{array} $ $ \begin{array}{|l|} \hline \text{BJEC} \quad \\ \hline \end{array} $ $ \begin{array}{|l|} \hline \text{TSM} \quad \\ \hline \end{array} $

$ \begin{array}{|l|} \hline \text{SHAD} \quad \\ \hline \end{array} $

$ \begin{array}{|l|l|l|l|l|l|} \hline \quad & \quad & \quad & \quad & \quad & \quad \\ \hline \end{array} $
$ \begin{array}{|l|} \hline \quad \\ \hline \end{array} $

2. Classify the objects or materials given below as opaque, transparent or translucent and luminous or non-luminous:

Air, water, a piece of rock, a sheet of aluminium, a mirror, a wooden board, a sheet of polythene, a CD, smoke, a sheet of plane glass, fog, a piece of red hot iron, an umbrella, a lighted fluorescent tube, a wall, a sheet of carbon paper, the flame of a gas burner, a sheet of cardboard, a lighted torch, a sheet of cellophane, a wire mesh, kerosene stove, sun, firefly, moon.

3. Can you think of creating a shape that would give a circular shadow if held in one way and a rectangular shadow if held in another way?

4. In a completely dark room, if you hold up a mirror in front of you, will you see a reflection of yourself in the mirror?

SUGGESTED ACTIVITIES

1. Make a row of your friends - A, B, C and D, standing in a line. Let one friend stand in front facing them and holding out a mirror towards them (Fig. 8.10).

Now, each person can tell who they are able to see in the Mirror. A,B, C, or D. If, A is able to see B in the mirror then, can B also see A in the mirror? Similarly, for any two pairs amongst A,B,C, or D?

If A is not able to see B in the mirror, then, is B able to see A in the mirror?

Similarly, for any two pairs amongst A,B,C, or D?

Fig. 8.10

This activity tells us something about the way light travels and gets reflected from mirrors. You will learn more about this in higher classes.

2. Daayan-Baayan-Take a comb in your right hand and bring it up to your hair and look at yourself in the mirror. There is your familiar face, grinning at you ()

Wait, try and find out which is the hand holding the comb, in your mirror reflection. Is it the right hand or the left? You were holding it in your right hand, isn’t it?

While a pinhole camera seems to be giving us upside down images, a mirror seems to be turning right hand into left hand and the left into right hand. We will learn more about this in the higher classes.

3. Magic Device-In the chapter on symmetry in your Mathematics textbook, you might have made an interesting device Kaleidoscope, that uses reflections. Now, let us make another device, a periscope, that uses reflections to see around corners! Ask one of your freinds to stand in the corridor just out side the entrance to the classroom with a mirror in hand. Ask another friend also holding a mirror, to stand in the middle of classroom in front of the entrance. Now ask your friends to ajust their mirrors in such a

Fig. 8.11 Seeing around corners!

way that the image of object on the other side of the corridor becomes visible to you while you are standing inside the class (Fig. 8.11).

You can make a simple periscope by placing two mirrors in a ’ Z ’ shaped box as shown in Fig. 8.12.

Fig. 8.12 A periscope

THINGS TO THINK ABOUT

1. Opaque objects cast shadows, isn’t it? Now, if we hold a transparent object in the Sun, do we see anything on the ground that gives us a hint that we are holding something in our hand?

2. We saw that changing colour of opaque objects does not change the colour of their shadows. What happens if we place an opaque object in coloured light? You can cover the face of a torch with a coloured transparent paper to do this. (Did you ever notice the colours of evening shadows just as the Sun is setting?)

THINGS TO READ

Rudyard Kipling’s “Just So Stories” and in particular, the story of “How the Leopard got its spots” where he mentions stripy, speckly, patchy-blatchy shadows. Here are a few lines from this story, that has a lot of shadows.

…after ever so many days, they saw a great, high, tall forest full of tree trunks all ‘sclusively speckled and sprottled and spottled, dotted and splashed and slashed and hatched and cross-hatched with shadows. (Say that quickly aloud, and you will see how very shadowy the forest must have been.)

‘What is this,’ said the Leopard, ’that is so ‘sclusively dark, and yet so full of little pieces of light?’