Human Physiology:Digestion and Absorption – 5
Villi and Microvilli
graph TB
A[Villi and Microvilli]
B[Villi]
C[Microvilli]
D[Functions of Villi]
E[Functions of Microvilli]
F[Structure of Villi]
G[Structure of Microvilli]
A --> B
A --> C
B --> D
B --> F
C --> E
C --> G
D -->|1| H[Increase surface area for absorption]
D -->|2| I[Contain blood vessels to transport nutrients]
E -->|1| J[Increase surface area for absorption]
E -->|2| K[Contain digestive enzymes]
F -->|1| L[Covered in epithelial cells]
F -->|2| M[Contain a network of capillaries]
G -->|1| N[Covered in a brush border of microvilli]
G -->|2| O[Increase the cell's surface area]
Absorption
graph TB
A[Absorption]
B[Digestive System]
C[Respiratory System]
D[Cellular Level]
E[Plants]
A --> B
A --> C
A --> D
A --> E
B --> F[Small Intestine]
B --> G[Large Intestine]
C --> H[Lungs]
D --> I[Osmosis]
D --> J[Diffusion]
E --> K[Roots]
Diseases
graph TB
A[Diseases]
A --> B1[Infectious Diseases]
A --> B2[Non-Infectious Diseases]
B1 --> C1[Viral Diseases]
B1 --> C2[Bacterial Diseases]
B1 --> C3[Fungal Diseases]
B2 --> C4[Genetic Diseases]
B2 --> C5[Lifestyle Diseases]
B2 --> C6[Deficiency Diseases]
C1 --> D1[Influenza]
C1 --> D2[HIV/AIDS]
C2 --> D3[Tuberculosis]
C2 --> D4[Cholera]
C3 --> D5[Athlete's Foot]
C3 --> D6[Ringworm]
C4 --> D7[Cystic Fibrosis]
C4 --> D8[Down Syndrome]
C5 --> D9[Type 2 Diabetes]
C5 --> D10[Heart Disease]
C6 --> D11[Scurvy]
C6 --> D12[Rickets]
Buccal cavity
graph TB
A[Buccal Cavity]
A --> B1[Teeth]
A --> B2[Tongue]
A --> B3[Salivary Glands]
B1 --> C1[Incisors]
B1 --> C2[Canines]
B1 --> C3[Premolars]
B1 --> C4[Molars]
B2 --> D1[Taste Buds]
B2 --> D2[Muscles]
B3 --> E1[Parotid Glands]
B3 --> E2[Submandibular Glands]
B3 --> E3[Sublingual Glands]
Stomach
graph TB
A[Stomach]
A --> B[Gastric Juices]
A --> C[Gastric Wall]
A --> D[Gastric Muscles]
B --> E[Hydrochloric Acid]
B --> F[Pepsin]
C --> G[Mucosa]
C --> H[Submucosa]
C --> I[Muscularis]
D --> J[Circular Layer]
D --> K[Longitudinal Layer]
Small Intestine
graph TD;
A[Small Intestine] --> B[Duodenum];
A --> C[Jejunum];
A --> D[Ileum];
B --> E[Bile and pancreatic enzymes];
B --> F[Digestion of food];
C --> G[Absorption of nutrients];
D --> H[Absorption of vitamin B12 and bile salts];
E --> I[Emulsification of fats];
F --> J[Breakdown of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats];
G --> K[Transport of nutrients to blood];
H --> L[Preparation for excretion];
Jaundice
graph TD;
Jaundice-->Types;
Types-->Pre-hepatic;
Types-->Hepatic;
Types-->Post-hepatic;
Pre-hepatic-->Hemolytic_Anemia;
Hepatic-->Hepatitis;
Hepatic-->Alcoholic_Liver_Disease;
Hepatic-->Cirrhosis;
Post-hepatic-->Bile_Duct_Obstruction;
Post-hepatic-->Pancreatic_Cancer;
Protein- Energy disorder
graph TB
A[Protein-Energy Disorder]
A --> B[Causes]
B --> B1[Malnutrition]
B --> B2[Inadequate Protein Intake]
B --> B3[Inadequate Energy Intake]
A --> C[Symptoms]
C --> C1[Weight Loss]
C --> C2[Muscle Wasting]
C --> C3[Decreased Immunity]
A --> D[Treatment]
D --> D1[Protein Supplementation]
D --> D2[Caloric Intake Increase]
D --> D3[Medical Intervention]
