Human Physiology:Chemical Coordination and Integration – 2
The Pineal Gland
graph TB
A[Pineal Gland]
A --> B[Location]
B --> B1[Center of the Brain]
A --> C[Function]
C --> C1[Melatonin Production]
C --> C2[Regulation of Sleep-Wake Cycle]
A --> D[Anatomy]
D --> D1[Pea-sized Gland]
D --> D2[Located Near the Center of the Brain]
A --> E[Associated Disorders]
E --> E1[Sleep Disorders]
E --> E2[Certain Types of Cancer]
E --> E3[Depression]
The Thyriod Gland
graph TD;
A[Thyroid Gland] --> B[Anatomy];
A --> C[Functions];
A --> D[Hormones];
B --> E[Thyroid Follicles];
B --> F[Parafollicular Cells];
C --> G[Metabolism Regulation];
C --> H[Calcium Homeostasis];
D --> I[Triiodothyronine (T3)];
D --> J[Thyroxine (T4)];
D --> K[Calcitonin];
Diseases Of The Thyroid
graph TD;
A[Diseases Of The Thyroid];
B[Hypothyroidism];
C[Hyperthyroidism];
D[Goiter];
E[Thyroiditis];
F[Thyroid Cancer];
A-->B;
A-->C;
A-->D;
A-->E;
A-->F;
B-->G[Symptoms];
B-->H[Treatment];
C-->I[Symptoms];
C-->J[Treatment];
D-->K[Symptoms];
D-->L[Treatment];
E-->M[Symptoms];
E-->N[Treatment];
F-->O[Symptoms];
F-->P[Treatment];
The Parathyroid Gland
graph TD;
A[Parathyroid Gland] --> B[Location];
B --> C[Behind the Thyroid Gland];
A --> D[Function];
D --> E[Regulates Calcium Levels];
A --> F[Disorders];
F --> G[Hyperparathyroidism];
F --> H[Hypoparathyroidism];
The Thymus Gland
graph TD;
A[The Thymus Gland] --> B[Location];
A --> C[Function];
A --> D[Anatomy];
A --> E[Diseases];
B --> F[Upper Anterior Thorax];
C --> G[Immune System Development];
C --> H[T Cell Maturation];
D --> I[Two Lobes];
D --> J[Thymic Epithelial Cells];
E --> K[Thymoma];
E --> L[Thymic Hyperplasia];
E --> M[DiGeorge Syndrome];
The Adrenal Gland
graph TB
AG[Adrenal Gland]
AG --> AC[Adrenal Cortex]
AG --> AM[Adrenal Medulla]
AC --> MC[Mineralocorticoids]
AC --> GC[Glucocorticoids]
AC --> SA[Sex Hormones]
AM --> E[Ephinephrine]
AM --> NE[Norepinephrine]
Catecholamines:The Medullary Hormones
graph TD
A[Catecholamines: The Medullary Hormones]
A --> B[Subtopic 1]
A --> C[Subtopic 2]
B --> D[Sub-subtopic 1]
C --> E[Sub-subtopic 2]
The Hormones Of The Adrenal Cortex
graph TB
A[The Hormones Of The Adrenal Cortex]
A --> B[Mineralocorticoids]
A --> C[Glucocorticoids]
A --> D[Adrenal Androgens]
B --> E[Aldosterone]
C --> F[Cortisol]
D --> G[Dehydroepiandrosterone]
E --> H[Regulates sodium and potassium balance]
F --> I[Regulates body's response to stress]
G --> J[Contributes to the development of secondary sexual characteristics]
The Glucocorticoids
graph TD;
A[The Glucocorticoids]
B[Types of Glucocorticoids]
C[Functions of Glucocorticoids]
D[Effects of Glucocorticoids]
E[Regulation of Glucocorticoids]
F[Disorders related to Glucocorticoids]
A --> B
A --> C
A --> D
A --> E
A --> F
B -->|Cortisol| G
B -->|Corticosterone| H
C -->|Regulate metabolism| I
C -->|Suppress immune system| J
D -->|Anti-inflammatory effects| K
D -->|Effects on mood and behavior| L
E -->|Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis| M
F -->|Cushing's syndrome| N
F -->|Addison's disease| O
The Pancreas
graph TD;
A[Pancreas] --> B[Functions];
B --> C[Endocrine Function];
C --> D[Insulin Production];
C --> E[Glucagon Production];
B --> F[Exocrine Function];
F --> G[Digestive Enzyme Production];
A --> H[Anatomy];
H --> I[Head of Pancreas];
H --> J[Body of Pancreas];
H --> K[Tail of Pancreas];
A --> L[Diseases];
L --> M[Pancreatitis];
L --> N[Pancreatic Cancer];
L --> O[Diabetes];
Diabetes Mellitus
graph TB
A[Diabetes Mellitus]
B[Type 1 Diabetes]
C[Type 2 Diabetes]
D[Gestational Diabetes]
E[Symptoms]
F[Treatment]
G[Prevention]
A --> B
A --> C
A --> D
A --> E
A --> F
A --> G
B -->|Insulin Dependent| E
C -->|Non-Insulin Dependent| E
D -->|Occurs during pregnancy| E
E -->|High blood sugar, frequent urination, increased thirst| F
F -->|Insulin therapy, diet, exercise| G
G -->|Healthy lifestyle, regular checkups|
The Androgens
graph TD;
A[Androgens] --> B[Testosterone]
A --> C[Androstenedione]
A --> D[Dihydrotestosterone]
B --> E[...]
C --> F[...]
D --> G[...]
The Ovary
graph TD;
A[The Ovary];
B[Anatomy of the Ovary];
C[Functions of the Ovary];
D[Ovarian Cycle];
E[Ovarian Disorders];
A-->B;
A-->C;
A-->D;
A-->E;
B-->F[Outer Cortex];
B-->G[Inner Medulla];
C-->H[Ovulation];
C-->I[Estrogen Production];
D-->J[Follicular Phase];
D-->K[Ovulation Phase];
D-->L[Luteal Phase];
E-->M[Polycystic Ovary Syndrome];
E-->N[Ovarian Cancer];
Hormones Of The Heart,Kedney And Gastrointestnal Tract
graph TD;
A[Hormones] --> B[Heart];
A --> C[Kidney];
A --> D[Gastrointestinal Tract];
B --> E[ANP];
B --> F[BNP];
C --> G[Erythropoietin];
C --> H[Renin];
D --> I[Gastrin];
D --> J[Secretin];
D --> K[Cholecystokinin];
