Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Part-6
Transformation
graph TB
A[Transformation]
A --> B[Genetic Transformation]
A --> C[Cell Transformation]
B --> D[Artificial Transformation]
B --> E[Natural Transformation]
C --> F[Malignant Transformation]
C --> G[Cell Line Transformation]
D --> H[Heat Shock]
D --> I[Electroporation]
E --> J[Competence]
E --> K[Horizontal Gene Transfer]
F --> L[Cancer]
G --> M[Immortalization]
Discovery of Transformation
graph TB
A[Discovery of Transformation]
A --> B[Subtopic 1]
A --> C[Subtopic 2]
A --> D[Subtopic 3]
B --> E[Detail 1]
B --> F[Detail 2]
C --> G[Detail 3]
C --> H[Detail 4]
D --> I[Detail 5]
D --> J[Detail 6]
Competent Cells
graph TD;
A[Competent Cells] --> B[Definition];
A --> C[Types];
B --> D[Cells capable of accepting extra-chromosomal DNA];
C --> E[Naturally Competent];
C --> F[Artificially Competent];
E --> G[Streptococcus pneumoniae];
E --> H[Bacillus subtilis];
F --> I[Chemically Induced];
F --> J[Electroporation];
Screening of Recombinent Clones
graph TB
A[Screening of Recombinent Clones]
A --> B[Step 1: Transformation]
A --> C[Step 2: Selection]
B --> D[Plasmid Incorporation]
C --> E[Antibiotic Resistance]
C --> F[Blue-White Screening]
D --> G[Cell Uptake]
E --> H[Surviving Cells]
F --> I[Successful Recombination]
Choices of Host and Vectors
graph TB
CHOICES[Choices of Host and Vectors]
HOST[Host]
VECTORS[Vectors]
CHOICES --> HOST
CHOICES --> VECTORS
HOST --> H1[Host 1]
HOST --> H2[Host 2]
VECTORS --> V1[Vector 1]
VECTORS --> V2[Vector 2]
Microbial Growth and Protein Production
graph TD;
A[Microbial Growth and Protein Production];
B[Microbial Growth];
C[Protein Production];
D[Factors affecting Microbial Growth];
E[Microbial Reproduction];
F[Protein Synthesis];
G[Protein Purification];
A-->B;
A-->C;
B-->D;
B-->E;
C-->F;
C-->G;
Protein Production at Industrial Scale
graph TB
A[Protein Production at Industrial Scale]
B[Cell Culture]
C[Protein Expression]
D[Purification]
E[Quality Control]
A --> B
A --> C
A --> D
A --> E
B --> F[Cell Line Development]
B --> G[Media Development]
C --> H[Transfection]
C --> I[Induction]
D --> J[Chromatography]
D --> K[Ultrafiltration]
E --> L[Analytical Testing]
E --> M[Stability Testing]
Down Stream Processing
graph TD;
DSP("Down Stream Processing")
DSP --> Purification
DSP --> Concentration
DSP --> Crystallization
DSP --> Drying
DSP --> Packaging
Purification --> "Protein Purification"
Purification --> "DNA Purification"
Concentration --> "Ultrafiltration"
Concentration --> "Evaporation"
Crystallization --> "Protein Crystallization"
Crystallization --> "Salt Crystallization"
Drying --> "Spray Drying"
Drying --> "Freeze Drying"
Packaging --> "Vial Filling"
Packaging --> "Sealing"
