1 : Reflection of Light

• Laws of Reflection:
  • Angle of Incidence ((i)) = Angle of Reflection ((r)).
  • Incident ray, reflected ray, and the normal to the surface lie in the same plane.
• Plane Mirrors:
  • Characteristics and properties of images formed by plane mirrors.
  • Virtual, erect, and same-size images.

2 : Spherical Mirrors

• Types of Spherical Mirrors: Concave and Convex.
  • Mirror Formula: $$(\frac{1}{f} = \frac{1}{v} + \frac{1}{u}),$$ where (f) is the focal length, (v) is the image distance, and (u) is the object distance.
  • Sign Conventions for Mirror Formula:
    • Distances and focal lengths (positive and negative signs).
  • Magnification $$((M)): (M = -\frac{v}{u}),$$ indicating the nature and size of the image.
  • Ray Diagrams:
    • Drawing ray diagrams for various mirror-object configurations.
    • Determining the position and nature of the image.
  • Mirror Equation Shortcut: Quick estimation of image position when the object is at infinity.

3 : Formation of Images

• Real and Virtual Images.
• Characteristics of Images:
  • Real: Inverted and can be formed on a screen.
  • Virtual: Upright and cannot be formed on a screen.
• Image Formation Rules for Concave Mirrors:
  • Object beyond the center of curvature ((C)), between (C) and focus ((F)), at (F), and between (F) and the mirror.
• Image Formation Rules for Convex Mirrors:
  • Always virtual, upright, and diminished.
• Concept of Principal Focus ((F)) and Focal Length ((f)).
• Concept of Center of Curvature ((C)).
• Real and Virtual Focus.
• Characteristics of Different Mirror-Object Configurations.
• Magnification and Inversion.

4 : Practice Problems

• Sample problems and solved examples covering a range of mirror-object scenarios.
• Step-by-step solutions and explanations for image formation.

5 : Tips and Tricks

• Shortcut methods for quick calculations and estimations.
• Common mistakes to avoid.
• Time-saving strategies for mirror problems.

6 : Critical Concepts

• Understanding the concepts of focal length, magnification, and image formation.
• Applying sign conventions effectively.
• Mastering the art of drawing accurate ray diagrams.