Concepts to remember on Structural Organization Morphology of Plants:

1. Types of plant tissues:

• Meristematic tissue: Undifferentiated cells responsible for growth and development.

• Permanent tissue: Differentiated cells with specific functions.

• Simple tissue: Composed of similar cells performing similar functions.

• Complex tissue: Composed of different types of cells performing different functions.

2. Structure and functions of different types of plant cells:

• Parenchyma: Thin-walled cells involved in photosynthesis, storage, and support.
• Collenchyma: Thickened cell walls providing mechanical support.
• Sclerenchyma: Dead, thick-walled cells providing strength.
• Xylem: Transports water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant.
• Phloem: Transports sugars and other nutrients throughout the plant.

3. Morphology of a typical dicotyledonous plant:

• Root: Absorbs water and minerals, anchors the plant, and stores food.
• Stem: Supports the plant and transports substances between roots and leaves.
• Leaf: Site of photosynthesis, gas exchange, and transpiration.
• Flower: Reproductive organ that produces seeds.
• Fruit: Matured ovary containing seeds.
• Seed: Encloses the plant embryo, providing protection and nutrition.

4. Internal structure of root, stem, and leaf:

• Root: Root hair zone, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, and vascular cylinder.
• Stem: Epidermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, and vascular bundles.
• Leaf: Epidermis, mesophyll (palisade and spongy), and veins.

5. Types of roots:

• Taproot: Dominant primary root with secondary roots branching from it.
• Adventitious roots: Roots arising from non-root tissues.

6. Types of stems:

• Herbaceous stem: Soft, green stem with minimal secondary growth.
• Woody stem: Hard, brown stem with significant secondary growth.

7. Types of leaves:

• Simple leaf: Single, undivided blade with petiole and blade.
• Compound leaf: Divided blade with leaflets and petiole.

8. Parts of a flower:

• Sepals: Leaf-like structures protecting the flower bud.
• Petals: Colorful structures attracting pollinators.
• Stamens: Male reproductive organs producing pollen.
• Pistil: Female reproductive organ producing ovules and developing into a fruit.

9. Types of fruits:

• Simple fruits: Derived from a single ovary.
• Aggregate fruits: Derived from multiple pistils of a single flower.
• Multiple fruits: Derived from flowers of multiple florets.

10. Types of seeds:

• Dicotyledonous seeds: Have two cotyledons (seed leaves) and an embryonic root and shoot.
• Monocotyledonous seeds: Have one cotyledon, an embryonic root, and a single shoot.

11. Germination of seeds:

• Process of seed development into a new plant with the emergence of a radicle and plumule.

12. Plant growth and development:

• Involves cell division, cell differentiation, and organization of tissues and organs.