Problem Solving Session Aldehydes And Ketones
Concepts to Remember: Aldehydes and Ketones
1. Nucleophilic Addition Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Addition of HCN: formation of cyanohydrins
- Addition of alcohols: formation of hemiacetals and acetals
- Addition of ammonia and its derivatives: formation of imines and enamines
- Addition of Grignard reagents: formation of alcohols
2. Reactions Involving the α-hydrogen of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Acidity of α-hydrogens
- Keto-enol tautomerization
- Aldol condensation
- Crossed aldol condensation
- Knoevenagel condensation
3. Oxidation Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Oxidation to carboxylic acids:
- Tollens’ reagent
- Fehling’s solution
- Benedict’s solution
- Baeyer-Villiger oxidation
4. Reduction Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones
- Reduction to alcohols:
- NaBH4
- LiAlH4
- Clemmensen reduction
- Wolf Kishner reduction
5. Haloform Reaction - Formation of haloforms from aldehydes or ketones with specific conditions.
6. Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones - Reactions with electron-rich aromatic compounds, such as benzene, in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst.
