Biotechnology Principles And Processes Part
Biotechnology Principles and Processes:
Recombinant DNA technology:
- Cutting DNA with restriction enzymes and joining fragments with DNA ligase.
Cloning vectors:
- Plasmids, viruses, or other vectors used to carry and replicate DNA fragments.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR):
- Amplifying DNA fragments using heat cycles and DNA polymerase.
Gel electrophoresis:
- Separating DNA fragments by size using an electric field in a gel.
Southern blotting:
- Transferring DNA fragments from a gel to a membrane for hybridization with probes.
Gene expression:
- Transcription and translation of DNA to produce proteins.
Transgenic organisms:
- Organisms with foreign genes inserted into their genome.
Gene therapy:
- Treating genetic diseases by introducing functional genes into cells.
Stem cells:
- Undifferentiated cells that can develop into various cell types.
Tissue culture:
- Growing cells outside of the body in controlled conditions.
Fermentation technology:
- Using microorganisms to produce useful substances.
Bioprocess engineering:
- Designing and optimizing bioprocesses for efficient production.
Downstream processing:
- Recovering and purifying products from fermentation processes.
Applications of biotechnology in medicine, agriculture, and industry:
- Developing drugs, vaccines, diagnostics, genetically modified crops, biofuels, and more.
