1. Hybridization:

• sp³ hybridization: Tetrahedral geometry (e.g., alkane carbon atoms).
• sp² hybridization: Trigonal planar geometry (e.g., alkene carbon atoms).
• sp hybridization: Linear geometry (e.g., alkyne carbon atoms).

2. Resonance Structures:

• Understand how to draw resonance structures for molecules with delocalized electrons.

3. IUPAC Nomenclature:

• Learn the rules for naming organic compounds, including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and functional groups.

4. Isomerism:

• Structural Isomerism: Compounds with the same molecular formula but different connectivity.
• Stereoisomerism: Compounds with the same connectivity but different spatial arrangements (e.g., cis-trans isomerism in alkenes).

5. Reaction Mechanisms:

• Understand key reaction mechanisms, such as nucleophilic substitution (SN1 and SN2), elimination (E1 and E2), and addition reactions (e.g., Markovnikov and anti-Markovnikov additions).

6. Electrophiles and Nucleophiles:

• Electrophiles are electron-deficient species that attract electrons (e.g., carbocations).
• Nucleophiles are electron-rich species that donate electrons (e.g., nucleophilic atoms or groups).

7. Acid-Base Chemistry:

• Understand Bronsted-Lowry acid-base theory.
• Know common organic acids and bases (e.g., HCl, NH₄⁺, etc.).

8. Alkane Reactions:

• Combustion: Alkanes burn in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.
• Halogenation: Alkanes react with halogens (e.g., Cl₂) in the presence of light to form alkyl halides.

9. Alkene Reactions:

• Addition Reactions: Understand addition reactions to alkenes (e.g., hydrogenation, halogenation, hydration, etc.).

10. Alkyne Reactions:

• Acidity of Alkynes: Alkynes are more acidic than alkanes and alkenes.
• Addition Reactions: Understand addition reactions to alkynes (e.g., hydrogenation, halogenation, hydration, etc.).

11. Functional Groups:

• Recognize common functional groups such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amides, etc.

12. Markovnikov’s Rule:

• In addition reactions to alkenes and alkynes, the hydrogen atom attaches to the carbon atom with more hydrogen substituents.

13. Reaction Conditions:

• Know the conditions (e.g., temperature, reagents, catalysts) required for specific reactions.

14. Stereochemistry:

• Learn about chiral and achiral compounds, enantiomers, diastereomers, and optical activity.

15. Organic Reagents:

• Familiarize yourself with common organic reagents, such as reducing agents (e.g., LiAlH₄), oxidizing agents (e.g., KMnO₄), and catalysts (e.g., Pt, Pd, Ni).

16. Spectroscopy:

• Understand the basics of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and Mass Spectrometry (MS) for compound analysis.

17. Reaction Mechanisms:

• Study reaction mechanisms for various reactions, including nucleophilic substitution, elimination, addition, and more.

18. Aromaticity:

• Know the criteria for aromaticity, such as the Huckel rule.

19. E-Z Isomerism:

• Understand the E-Z (cis-trans) notation for geometric isomerism in alkenes.

20. Reagents and Conditions Table:

• Create a table summarizing important reactions, reagents, and conditions for quick reference.