Human Reproduction:

Human reproduction involves the creation of offspring through the union of male and female gametes.

Gametes are specialized reproductive cells: sperm (male) and eggs (female).

Male Reproductive System:

The male reproductive system includes the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, urethra, penis, and scrotum.

Testes produce sperm and testosterone.

Spermatogenesis occurs in the seminiferous tubules.

The vas deferens transports mature sperm.

Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands contribute to seminal fluid.

The penis has erectile tissue for sexual arousal and urination.

Scrotum regulates testicular temperature for sperm production.

Female Reproductive System:

The female reproductive system consists of ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina, external genitalia (vulva), and mammary glands.

Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone).

Ovulation is the release of mature eggs from the ovaries.

The fallopian tubes transport eggs to the uterus.

The uterus is where fetal development occurs during pregnancy.

The cervix connects the uterus to the vagina.

The vagina is the birth canal and exit for menstrual blood.

The vulva includes labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening.

Mammary glands produce milk for breastfeeding.

Gametogenesis:

Gametogenesis is the process of forming haploid gametes (sperm and eggs) from diploid germ cells.

Spermatogenesis occurs in the testes and leads to sperm production.

Oogenesis begins in the ovaries and results in egg formation.

Primordial Cells:

Primordial cells are the earliest germ cells in embryonic development.

They become specialized germ cells (spermatogonia in males, oogonia in females).

Primordial cells are crucial for gametogenesis.

Spermatogonial Cells:

Spermatogonial cells are stem cells in the male reproductive system.

They undergo mitosis, differentiation, and maturation to produce sperm.

Spermatogenesis is continuous and regulated by hormones.