1. Chromosomal Basis:

Human sex determination is based on the XX-XY system, with specific sex chromosomes.

Females have XX chromosomes, while males have XY chromosomes.

2. Role of Sex Chromosomes:

The Y chromosome carries the SRY gene, triggering male development.

XX results in female development, while XY leads to male development.

3. Genetic Diversity:

Exceptions include atypical sex chromosome combinations due to genetic mutations.

Conditions like Klinefelter syndrome or Turner syndrome may result.

4. Environmental Factors:

Unlike some species, human sex determination is primarily genetic and not influenced by the environment.

5. Clinical Significance:

Understanding sex determination is crucial for medical genetics, fertility treatments, and reproductive medicine.

6. Ethical and Social Considerations:

Study of sex determination raises ethical questions related to gender identity and rights.

Hemophilia:

1. X-Linked Recessive Inheritance:

Hemophilia is caused by mutations in genes on the X chromosome.

It follows an X-linked recessive inheritance pattern.

2. Gene Mutations:

Hemophilia A and B are conditions associated with deficiencies in factor VIII and factor IX, respectively.

These deficiencies result from genetic variants, such as mutations, within the F8 or F9 gene..

3. Carrier Status:

Females with one mutated X chromosome are carriers.

Carriers usually do not display symptoms of hemophilia.

4. Expression in Males:

Males with a single mutated X-linked allele develop hemophilia because they lack a compensating normal allele.

5. Expression in Females:

Female carriers have a 50% chance of passing on the mutated allele to their offspring.

Sons of carriers have a 50% chance of inheriting hemophilia.

6. Pedigree Analysis:

Hemophilia can be studied through pedigree analysis, showing inheritance patterns within families.

7. Genetic Testing:

Genetic testing confirms hemophilia-associated mutations and aids diagnosis and family planning.

8. Treatment and Management:

Hemophilia is managed with clotting factor replacement therapy, enabling individuals to lead relatively normal lives.