Concepts and formula to Remember
In the realm of biomolecules, amino acids serve as the fundamental building blocks of proteins, characterized by their amino, carboxyl, hydrogen, and varying R groups. Proteins, large and diverse macromolecules, fulfill vital roles in enzymatic catalysis, structural support, immune responses, and more, where their composition relies on the arrangement of amino acid monomers connected by peptide bonds. Protein structures are organized hierarchically, comprising primary (amino acid sequence), secondary (local folding patterns like alpha helices and beta sheets), tertiary (overall three-dimensional arrangement), and quaternary (multiple subunit arrangement) levels. Additionally, lipids, encompassing hydrophobic organic molecules such as fats, oils, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes, play key roles in energy storage, insulation, membrane structure, and signaling within living organisms.
