Metabolic Pathway:

• Microbes participate in nutrient cycling in ecosystems.
• They break down organic matter, recycling essential nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

Ganga Action Plan (GAP):

• GAP focuses on cleaning and rejuvenating the Ganges River (Ganga).
• Activities include sewage treatment, industrial pollution control, biodiversity conservation, and afforestation.

Industrial Products:

• Microbes are used in the production of various industrial products, including enzymes, bioactive molecules, and chemicals.
• Examples include the fermentation industry, where bacteria and yeast produce ethanol and citric acid.

Fermented Beverages:

• Microbes play a crucial role in the fermentation process for beverages like beer, wine, and yogurt.
• They convert sugars into alcohol, acids, or other compounds, influencing taste and quality.

Antibiotics:

• Microbes are the source of antibiotics used in healthcare to treat bacterial infections.
• Penicillin, derived from the fungus Penicillium, is a famous example.

Chemicals, Enzymes, and Bioactive Molecules:

• Microbes produce chemicals, enzymes, and bioactive molecules with industrial and medical applications.
• Enzymes like amylase and streptokinase for dissolving blood clots are notable examples.

Environmental Cleaning:

• Microbes contribute to environmental cleaning by breaking down organic pollutants and contaminants.
• They aid in cleaning oil spills, degrading toxic chemicals, and restoring polluted ecosystems.

Microbes in Sewage Treatment:

• In sewage treatment, microbes are involved in two key stages:
  • Primary Treatment: Physical processes remove large solids.
  • Secondary/Biological Treatment: Microbes break down organic matter, reducing pollution.

Sewage Treatment:

• Efficient sewage treatment is essential for environmental hygiene and human health.
• It ensures that wastewater is safe for release into natural water bodies or reuse.

Yamuna Action Plan (YAP):

• YAP aims to reduce pollution and restore the water quality of the Yamuna River.
• Phases involve constructing sewage treatment plants, diversion projects, and pollution control efforts.