Significant Public Health Issue:

Drug and alcohol abuse is a major public health concern, leading to various social, economic, and health-related consequences.

Alcohol Abuse:

Excessive and harmful consumption of alcoholic beverages is termed alcohol abuse, contributing to various health and social problems.

Moderation vs. Excess:

While moderate alcohol consumption may have some health benefits, excessive drinking leads to addiction, liver disease, and other health issues.

Adolescence Vulnerability:

Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to substance abuse due to factors like peer pressure, curiosity, and the desire for independence.

Preventive Measures:

Preventing and controlling substance abuse require public health campaigns, education, access to treatment services, and policy measures.

Early Intervention:

Early intervention and support for individuals with substance use disorders are critical in reducing harm associated with abuse.

Involves Psychoactive Substances:

Substance abuse encompasses the misuse and excessive consumption of psychoactive substances, including legal and illegal drugs as well as alcohol.

Consequences:

Substance abuse can result in addiction, physical and mental health problems, and negative societal effects.

Brain’s Reward Circuit:

The brain’s reward circuit, including the ventral tegmental area (VTA), nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex, plays a central role in addiction development.

Feelings of Pleasure:

This circuit is responsible for the feelings of pleasure and reinforcement associated with rewarding activities, including substance use.

Opium Poppy:

The opium poppy is the source of opioid drugs like morphine, codeine, and heroin, which are derived from the plant’s seed pods.

Highly Addictive:

Opioid drugs are potent pain relievers but are highly addictive, leading to strict regulations on their cultivation and processing.

Cocaine:

Cocaine is a powerful stimulant derived from the coca plant, known for its stimulating and euphoric effects.

Routes of Use:

Cocaine can be snorted, injected, or smoked and is associated with addiction, cardiovascular issues, and psychological effects.