Earlier Beliefs on Health:

Ancient beliefs attributed diseases to supernatural causes, curses, or humoral imbalances.

Early practices included rituals, herbal remedies, and bloodletting.

Modern understanding of diseases evolved through scientific research and medical advancements.

Disease:

Disease is a deviation from normal body functioning causing physiological or psychological dysfunction.

Causes include pathogens, genetic mutations, lifestyle choices, and environmental factors.

Pathogen Entry and Immune Response: Pathogen entry can lead to infections. The immune system deploys white blood cells and antibodies to combat pathogens.

Modes of Transmission of Infectious Diseases:

Infectious diseases spread via direct contact, indirect contact, airborne transmission, vector-borne transmission, and food/waterborne transmission.

Typhoid:

Caused by Salmonella Typhi.

Transmitted through contaminated food or water.

Symptoms: high fever, abdominal pain, gastrointestinal issues.

Prevention and treatment: vaccines, antibiotics.

Antibiotics:

Used to treat bacterial infections.

Target and kill bacteria or inhibit their growth.

Overuse/misuse leads to antibiotic resistance.

Common Cold:

Caused by various viruses, mainly rhinoviruses.

Highly contagious through respiratory droplets.

Symptoms: sneezing, runny nose, sore throat, cough.

No cure; symptom management.

Life Cycle of Plasmodium (Malaria Parasite):

Malaria caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted by infected mosquitoes.

Complex life cycle in mosquito vector and human host.

Symptoms: fever, chills, flu-like symptoms.

Treatment and prevention: antimalarial drugs, vector control.

Amoebiasis:

Intestinal infection by Entamoeba histolytica.

Transmitted through contaminated food/water.

Symptoms: diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever.

Treatment: specific antibiotics.