Phylum Annelida:

• Annelids are segmented worms with a well-defined body plan.

• Examples include earthworms, leeches, and marine polychaetes.

• They exhibit metamerism, meaning their bodies are divided into segments.

• They have a closed circulatory system with a specialized structure called a dorsal blood vessel.

• Study their respiratory system, which may involve gills, skin respiration, or parapodia.

• Understand their digestive system, which includes a muscular pharynx and a straight digestive tract.

Phylum Arthropoda:

• Arthropods are the largest phylum in the animal kingdom, including insects, arachnids, crustaceans, and myriapods.

• They have a chitinous exoskeleton for protection and support.

• Arthropods exhibit jointed appendages, a characteristic feature.

• Study their various modes of respiration, including gills, tracheae, and book lungs.

• Understand the process of molting, which allows them to grow.

• Learn about their diverse feeding strategies, such as herbivores, carnivores, and detritivores.

Phylum Mollusca:

• Mollusks are soft-bodied animals with a hard external shell in many cases.

• Examples include snails, clams, squids, and octopuses.

• Understand the structure and function of the radula, a feeding organ.

• Study the different types of molluscan shells and their functions.

• Know the characteristics of cephalopods, which are highly intelligent mollusks.

• Learn about their diverse respiratory systems, including gills, lungs, or cutaneous respiration.

Phylum Hemichordata:

• Hemichordates are marine animals that share some characteristics with chordates.

• Understand their body plan, including the proboscis, collar, and trunk regions.

• Study the structure and function of the pharyngeal gill slits, a chordate characteristic.

• Learn about their simple nervous system and circulatory system.

• Hemichordates serve as a link between invertebrates and chordates, so understand their evolutionary significance.

Phylum Echinodermata:

• Echinoderms include starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, and brittle stars.

• They have a unique water vascular system that aids in locomotion and feeding.

• Understand the process of regeneration in echinoderms.

• Study their endoskeleton made of calcium carbonate plates.

• Echinoderms exhibit radial symmetry in most cases.

• Learn about their tube feet, which are used for locomotion and feeding.