Part 15 of the Indian Constitution

Part 15 of the Indian Constitution deals with elections. It provides for the establishment of the Election Commission of India, which is responsible for conducting free and fair elections in the country. The Election Commission is an independent body, and its powers and functions are clearly defined in the Constitution.

Part 15 also lays down the qualifications and disqualifications for membership of Parliament and state legislatures. It also provides for the reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Parliament and state legislatures.

The provisions of Part 15 are essential for ensuring the democratic functioning of the Indian government. They provide for the participation of all citizens in the electoral process and ensure that the elections are conducted in a fair and impartial manner.

Part 15 has been amended several times since its inception. The most significant amendment was made in 1989, which introduced the system of proportional representation for elections to the Lok Sabha.

Part 15 of the Indian Constitution is a vital part of the country’s democratic framework. It ensures that the elections are conducted in a free and fair manner and that all citizens have the right to participate in the electoral process.

Part 15 of the Indian Constitution – Articles

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

What is Article 15 of the Indian Constitution?

What articles are covered under Part 15?

Part 15 of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rules covers a wide range of devices that emit radio waves, including:

• Intentional radiators: These are devices that are designed to intentionally emit radio waves, such as cell phones, Wi-Fi routers, and Bluetooth devices.
• Unintentional radiators: These are devices that emit radio waves as a byproduct of their operation, such as computers, printers, and power lines.

The FCC’s rules for Part 15 devices are designed to ensure that these devices do not interfere with other radio communications. These rules include limits on the amount of radio frequency (RF) energy that a device can emit, as well as requirements for the design and construction of these devices.

Some examples of devices that are covered under Part 15 include:

• Cell phones: Cell phones are intentional radiators that emit radio waves in order to communicate with cell towers. The FCC’s rules for cell phones include limits on the amount of RF energy that a cell phone can emit, as well as requirements for the design and construction of cell phones.
• Wi-Fi routers: Wi-Fi routers are intentional radiators that emit radio waves in order to create a wireless network. The FCC’s rules for Wi-Fi routers include limits on the amount of RF energy that a Wi-Fi router can emit, as well as requirements for the design and construction of Wi-Fi routers.
• Bluetooth devices: Bluetooth devices are intentional radiators that emit radio waves in order to communicate with other Bluetooth devices. The FCC’s rules for Bluetooth devices include limits on the amount of RF energy that a Bluetooth device can emit, as well as requirements for the design and construction of Bluetooth devices.
• Computers: Computers are unintentional radiators that emit radio waves as a byproduct of their operation. The FCC’s rules for computers include limits on the amount of RF energy that a computer can emit, as well as requirements for the design and construction of computers.
• Printers: Printers are unintentional radiators that emit radio waves as a byproduct of their operation. The FCC’s rules for printers include limits on the amount of RF energy that a printer can emit, as well as requirements for the design and construction of printers.
• Power lines: Power lines are unintentional radiators that emit radio waves as a byproduct of their operation. The FCC’s rules for power lines include limits on the amount of RF energy that a power line can emit, as well as requirements for the design and construction of power lines.

The FCC’s rules for Part 15 devices are important for ensuring that these devices do not interfere with other radio communications. These rules help to protect the public from harmful RF exposure and ensure that the radio spectrum is used efficiently.

Which is the world’s largest written Constitution?

The world’s largest written constitution is the Constitution of India. It is the longest-written constitution of any sovereign country in the world, containing 448 articles in 25 parts, along with 12 schedules and 104 amendments. It was adopted on November 26, 1949, and came into effect on January 26, 1950.

Here are some key features of the Indian Constitution:

1. Preamble: The Preamble to the Indian Constitution sets out the guiding principles and objectives of the Constitution. It declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic, and ensures justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity to all its citizens.

2. Fundamental Rights: Part III of the Constitution contains a list of fundamental rights that are guaranteed to all citizens of India. These rights include the right to equality, freedom of speech and expression, freedom of religion, and the right to life and personal liberty.

3. Directive Principles of State Policy: Part IV of the Constitution contains a set of directive principles that guide the state in its governance. These principles include the promotion of social welfare, the protection of the environment, and the promotion of international peace and security.

4. Union and State Governments: The Constitution establishes a federal system of government, with a central government and state governments. The central government is responsible for matters of national importance, while the state governments are responsible for matters of local importance.

5. Judiciary: The Constitution establishes a Supreme Court and a system of lower courts to interpret and enforce the Constitution. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the country and has the power to declare laws unconstitutional.

6. Amendments: The Constitution can be amended by a special majority of both houses of Parliament. This process ensures that the Constitution can be adapted to changing circumstances and needs.

The Indian Constitution is a complex and comprehensive document that has been shaped by the country’s history, culture, and values. It is a living document that continues to evolve and adapt to the needs of the Indian people.

What is Article 324 in Part 15 of Indian Constitution?

What is Article 326 in Part 15 of Indian Constitution?

Article 326 of the Indian Constitution, found in Part XV, deals with the provisions related to the appointment of judges to the Supreme Court and High Courts. It outlines the process and criteria for selecting and appointing judges to these esteemed judicial bodies.

Key Points of Article 326:

1. Appointment of Supreme Court Judges:

   • The President of India appoints the Chief Justice of India and other judges of the Supreme Court.
   • The President makes these appointments after consultation with the Chief Justice of India.

2. Appointment of High Court Judges:

   • The Governor of a state appoints the Chief Justice and other judges of a High Court.
   • The Governor makes these appointments after consultation with the Chief Justice of the High Court and the Chief Justice of India.

3. Eligibility Criteria:

   • To be eligible for appointment as a Supreme Court or High Court judge, a person must:
     • Be a citizen of India.
     • Have been a judge of a High Court for at least five years.
     • Or, have been an advocate of a High Court for at least ten years.

4. Transfer of Judges:

   • The President can transfer a judge from one High Court to another.
   • This transfer can only be done after consultation with the Chief Justice of India.

5. Resignation of Judges:

   • A judge of the Supreme Court or a High Court can resign by writing to the President or the Governor, respectively.

Examples:

1. Appointment of Supreme Court Judges:

   • In 2019, Justice Sharad Arvind Bobde was appointed as the 47th Chief Justice of India by President Ram Nath Kovind. This appointment was made after consultation with the then Chief Justice of India, Justice Ranjan Gogoi.

2. Appointment of High Court Judges:

   • In 2021, Justice Hima Kohli was appointed as the first woman Chief Justice of the Telangana High Court by Governor Tamilisai Soundararajan. This appointment was made after consultation with the Chief Justice of India, Justice N. V. Ramana, and the Chief Justice of the Telangana High Court, Justice Raghavendra Singh Chauhan.

3. Transfer of Judges:

   • In 2016, Justice Jayant Patel was transferred from the Gujarat High Court to the Karnataka High Court by President Pranab Mukherjee. This transfer was made after consultation with the then Chief Justice of India, Justice T. S. Thakur.

4. Resignation of Judges:

   • In 2018, Justice Chelameswar, a senior judge of the Supreme Court, resigned from his position. He submitted his resignation letter to the President of India, citing personal reasons for his decision.

Article 326 ensures that the appointment of judges to the Supreme Court and High Courts is done in a fair and transparent manner, upholding the independence and integrity of the judiciary in India.