PHYSICS-XI CHEMISTRY-XI MATHEMATICS-XI BIOLOGY-XI
PHYSICS-XII CHEMISTRY-XII MATHEMATICS-XII BIOLOGY-XII

PHYSICS-XI

UNIT I: PHYSICAL WORLD AND MEASUREMENT

Physics – scope and excitement; nature of physical laws; physics technology and society

• Units of measurements, System of Units, S I Units,
• Fundamental and Derived units
• least count
• significant figures
• Errors in measurements
• Dimensions of Physics quantities, Dimensional analysis and its applications

UNIT II: KINEMATICS

• The frame of reference
• motion in a straight line
• Position- time graph
• speed and velocity
• Uniform and non-uniform motion
• average speed and instantaneous velocity
• uniformly accelerated motion
• velocity-time, position-time graph, relations for uniformly accelerated motion-
• Scalars and Vectors. Vector Addition and Subtraction, scalar and vector products. Unit Vector. Resolution of a Vector
• Relative Velocity
• Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion. Uniform Circular Motion

UNIT III: LAWS OF MOTION

• Force and inertia, Newton’s First law of motion: Momentum, Newton’s Second Law of motion, Impulses: Newton’s Third Law of motion
• Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications
• Equilibrium of concurrent forces
• Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction. rolling friction
• Dynamics of uniform circular motion
• Centripetal force
• examples of circular motion (vehicle on level circular road, vehicle on banked road)

UNIT IV: WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

• Work done by a constant force and a variable force;
• kinetic and potential energies
• work-energy theorem
• power
• The potential energy of spring conservation of mechanical energy
• conservative and non-conservative forces; motion in a vertical circle:
• Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions

UNIT V: MOTION OF SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND RIGID BODY

• Centre of the mass of a two-particle system, Centre of the mass of a rigid body:
• Basic concepts of rotational motion
• moment of a force; torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications;
• The moment of inertia, the radius of gyration, values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems and their applications
• Equilibrium of rigid bodies. rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion
• comparison of linear and rotational motions

UNIT VI: GRAVITATION

• The universal law of gravitation
• Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth
• Kepler’s law of planetary motion
• Gravitational potential energy
• gravitational potential
• Escape velocity
• Motion of a satellite, orbital velocity, time period and energy of satellite

UNIT VII: PROPERTIES OF BULK MATTER

• Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s Law
• Young’s modulus
• bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity
• Pressure due to a fluid column
• Pascal’s law and its applications
• Effect of gravity on fluid pressure
• Viscosity
• Stokes’ law.
• terminal velocity,
• streamline
• turbulent flow.critical velocity
• Bernoulli’s principle and its applications
• Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact
• excess of pressure across a curved surface,
• application of surface tension - drops, bubbles, and
• capillary rise
• Heat,
• temperature, thermal expansion;
• specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat
• Heat tansfer conduction, convection and radiation,
• blackbody radiation Kirchoff’s law
• absorptive and emissive powers and green house effect thermal conductivity
• Newton’s law of cooling
• Wein’s displacement law
• stefan’s law.

UNIT VIII: THERMODYNAMICS

• Thermal equilibrium
• zeroth law of thermodynamics,
• the concept of temperature. Heat, work, and internal energy
• The first law of thermodynamics,
• isothermal and adiabatic processes.
• The second law of thermodynamics:
• reversible and irreversible processes

UNIT IX: BEHAVIOUR OF PERFECT GASES AND KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

• Equation of state of a perfect gas
• work done on compressing a gas
• Kinetic theory of gases - assumptions
• the concept of pressure
• Kinetic interpretation of temperature:
• RMS speed of gas molecules:
• Degrees of freedom
• Law of equipartition of energy
• and applications to specific heat capacities of gases
• Mean free path. Avogadro’s number

UNIT X: OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES

• Oscillations and periodic motion - time period, frequency, displacement as a function of time
• Periodic functions
• Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation’s phase:
• oscillations of a spring -restoring force and force constant: energy in S.H.M
• Kinetic and potential energies;
• Simple pendulum - derivation of expression for its time period:
• Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves,
• speed of travelling wave. Displacement relation for a progressive wave
• Principle of superposition of waves
• reflection of waves. Standing waves in strings and organ pipes,
• fundamental mode and harmonics, Beats,
• Doppler effect.

PHYSICS-XII

UNIT I: ELECTROSTATICS

• Electric charges: Conservation of charge. Coulomb’s law forces between two point charges
• forces between multiple charges: superposition principle and continuous charge distribution
• Electric field
• Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines. Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole
• Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.
• Electric flux. Gauss’s law
• and its applications to find field due to infnitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet
• and uniformly charged thin spherical shell
• Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge
• electric dipole and system of charges:
• potential difference
• Equipotential surfaces
• Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field
• Conductors and insulators
• Dielectrics and electric polarization
• capacitors and capacitances
• the combination of capacitors in series and parallel
• capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates
• Energy stored in a capacitor

UNIT II: CURRENT ELECTRICITY

• Electric current. Drift velocity,
• mobility and their relation with electric current. Ohm’s law
• Electrical resistance
• V-I characteristics of ohmic and non-ohmic conductors
• Electrical energy and power
• Electrical resistivity and conductivity
• Series and parallel combinations of resistors
• Temperature dependence of resistance
• Internal resistance
• potential difference and emf of a cell
• a combination of cells in series and parallel
• Kirchhoffs raws and their applications
• wheatstone bridge. Metre Bridge

UNIT III: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

• Biot - Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop
• Ampere’s law
• its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid
• Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields
• Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field
• The force between two parallel currents carrying conductors-definition of ampere
• Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field: Moving coil galvanometer, its sensitivity,
• conversion to ammeter and voltmeter
• Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment
• Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid
• magnetic field lines
• Magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis
• Torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field
• para- , dia and ferromagnetic substances with examples
• effect of temperature on magnetic properties.

UNIT IV: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS

• Electromagnetic induction: Faraday’s law
• Induced emf and current:
• Lenz’s Law
• Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance
• Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage: reactance and impedance:
• LCR series circuit
• resonance
• power in AC circuits
• wattless current.
• AC generator
• transformer

UNIT V: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

• Displacement current
• Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics
• Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves, Electromagnetic spectrum(radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet. X-rays. Gamma rays)
• Applications of e.m. waves

UNIT VI: OPTICS

• Reflection of light
• spherical mirrors
• mirror formula
• Refraction of light at plane and spherical surfaces
• thin lens formula
• lens maker formula
• Total internal reflection and its applications
• Magnification
• Power of a Lens. Combination of thin lenses in contact
• Refraction of light through a prism
• Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting ) and their magnifying powers
• Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens’ principle
• Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle
• Interference, Young’s double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width
• coherent sources
• sustained interference of light
• Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum
• Polarization, plane-polarized light
• Brewster’s law,
• uses of plane-polarized light and Polaroid

UNIT VII: DUAL NATURE OF MATTER

• Dual nature of radiation
• Photoelectric effect
• Hertz and Lenard’s observations;
• Einstein’s photoelectric equation: particle nature of light
• Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de Broglie relation

UNIT VIII: ATOMS AND NUCLEI

• Alpha-particle scattering experiment
• Rutherford’s model of atom
• Bohr model
• energy level’s hydrogen spectrum
• Composition and size of nucleus
• atomic masses
• Mass-energy relation
• mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number
• nuclear fission
• fusion

UNIT IX: ELECTRONIC DEVICES

• Semiconductors
• semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias,diode as a rectifier
• I-V characteristics of LED. the photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator
• Logic gates (OR. AND. NOT. NAND and NOR) Transistor as a switch.

UNIT X: COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

• Elements of a communication system (block diagram only)
• bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data)
• bandwidth of transmission medium.
• Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky and space wave propagation.
• Need for modulation.
• Production and detection of an amplitude – modulated wave.

CHEMISTRY-XI

UNIT I: SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY

• Matter and its nature,
• Dalton’s atomic theory:
• Concept of atom,
• molecule, element, and compound: Laws of chemical combination; atomic and molecular masses; mole concept; molar mass; percentage composition; empirical and molecular formulae; chemical equations and stoichiometry.

UNIT II: STRUCTURE OF ATOM

• Discovery of Electron, Proton and Neutron, atomic number, isotopes and isobars.
• Thomson’s model and its limitations.
• Rutherford’s model and its limitations, Bohr’s model and its limitations,
• Nature of electromagnetic radiation
• photoelectric effect
• Spectrum of the hydrogen atom
• Bohr model of a hydrogen atom - its postulates
• derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits
• limitations of Bohr’s model
• Dual nature of matter
• de Broglie’s relationship
• Heisenberg uncertainty principle
• Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanics, the quantum mechanical model of the atom, its important features. Concept of atomic orbitals as one-electron wave functions: Variation of 𝚿 and 𝚿2 with r for ls and 2s orbitals:
• various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance;
• shapes of s, p, and d - orbitals
• electron spin and spin quantum number
• Rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau principle
• Pauli’s exclusion principle and Hund’s rule
• electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals’

UNIT III: CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES

• Significance of classification,
• Modem periodic law and present form of the periodic table, s, p, d and f block elements, periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states, and chemical reactivity

UNIT IV: CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

• Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds
• Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds,
• factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy.
• Covalent Bonding
• concept of electronegativity. Fajan’s rule, dipole moment:
• valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules
• Quantum mechanical approach to covalent bonding: Valence bond theory - its important features
• the concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals
• Resonance
• Molecular orbital Theory - Its important features. LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of homonuclear diatomic molecules, the concept of bond order, bond length, and bond energy
• Elementary idea of metallic bonding
• Hydrogen bonding and its application

UNIT V: STATES OF MATTER : GASES AND LIQUIDS

• Three states of matter
• intermolecular interactions
• types of bonding
• melting and boiling points
• role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule
• Boyle’s law
• Charles law
• Gay Lussac’s law
• Avogadro’s law
• ideal behaviour
• empirical derivation of gas equation
• Avogadro’s number
• ideal gas equation.
• Deviation from ideal behaviour liquefaction of gases
• critical temperature
• kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea) Liquid State vapour pressure
• viscosity and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivations).

UNIT VI: THERMODYNAMICS

• Fundamentals of thermodynamics: system and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes
• The first law of thermodynamics
• concept of work, heat internal energy
• enthalpy
• heat capacity, molar heat capacity
• Hess’s laws of constant heat summation
• Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization, and solution
• The second law of thermodynamics - Spontaneity of processes: ΔS of the universe and ΔG of the system as criteria for spontaneity
• ΔG° (Standard Gibbs energy change)
• equiliribrium constant

UNIT VII: EQUILIBRIUM

• Meaning of equilibrium, the concept of dynamic equilibrium
• Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid - gas and solid-gas equilibria,
• Henry’s law.
• General characteristics of equilibrium involving physical processes
• Equilibrium involving chemical processes: Law of chemical equilibrium,
• equilibrium constants (KP and KC) and their significance,
• the significance of ΔG and ΔG° in chemical equilibrium,
• factors affecting equilibrium - concentration, pressure
• temperature, the effect of catalyst
• Le Chatelier’s principle
• Ionic equilibrium: Weak and strong electrolytes, ionization of electrolytes, various concepts of acids and bases (Arrhenius, Bronsted - Lowry and Lewis) and their ionization, acid-base equilibria (including multistage ionization)
• ionization constants, ionization of water. pH scale, common ion effect,
• hydrolysis of salts and pH of their solutions,
• the solubility of sparingly soluble salts
• solubility products,
• buffer solutions

UNIT VIII: REDOX REACTIONS

• Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction
• redox reactions
• oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number,
• balancing of redox reactions
• Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions,
• molar conductivities and their variation with concentration:
• Kohlrausch’s law and its applications
• Electrochemical cells
• Electrolytic
• Galvanic cells
• different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half-cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement:
• Nernst equation and its applications;
• Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs’ energy change:
• Dry cell and lead accumulator;
• Fuel cells

UNIT IX: HYDROGEN

• Position of hydrogen in periodic table
• occurrence
• isotopes
• preparation
• properties and uses of hydrogen
• hydrides-ionic covalent and interstitial;
• physical and chemical properties of water
• heavy water
• hydrogen peroxid-e-preparation
• reactions and structure and use;
• hydrogen as a fuel.

UNIT X: s-BLOCK ELEMENTS (ALKALI AND ALKALINE EARTH METALS)

• Group 1 and Group 2 Elements: General introduction
• electronic configuration
• occurrence
• anomalous
• properties of the first element of each group
• diagonal relationship
• trends in the variation of properties (such as ionization enthalpy, atomic and ionic radii),
• trends in chemical reactivity with oxygen and halogens, uses.
• Preparation and Properties of Some Important Compounds : Sodium Carbonate, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Hydroxide and Sodium Hydrogencarbonate,
• Biological importance of Sodium and Potassium.
• Calcium Oxide and Calcium Carbonate and their industrial uses,
• biological importance of Magnesium and Calcium.

UNIT XI: SOME p- BLOCK ELEMENTS

• General Introduction to p- Block Elements Group 13 Elements: General introduction
• electronic configuration
• occurrence
• variation of properties
• oxidation states
• trends in chemical reactivity
• anomalous properties of first element of the group
• Boron - physical and chemical properties
• some important compounds
• Borax
• Boric acid
• Boron Hydrides
• Alumunium : Reactions with acids and alkalies, uses.
• Group 14 Elements: General introduction
• electronic configuration
• occurrence
• variation of properties
• oxidation states
• trends in chemical reactivity
• anomalous behaviour of first elements.
• Carbon-catenation
• allotropic forms
• physical and chemical properties;
• uses of some important compounds: oxides.
• Important compounds of Silicon and a few use: Silicon Tetrachloride, Silicones, Silicates and Zeolites, their uses.

UNIT XII: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY: SOME BASIC PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES

• Tetravalency of carbon: Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p),
• Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulphur; Homologous series:
• Isomerism
• structural and stereoisomerism
• Nomenclature (Trivial and IUPAC);
• Covalent bond fission - Homolytic and heterolytic: free radicals, carbocations, and carbanions; stability of earbocations
• free radicals, electrophiles, and nucleophiles
• Electronic displacement in a covalent bond - Inductive effect, electromeric effect,
• resonance, and hyperconjugation
• Common types of organic reactions - Substitution, addition, elimination, and rearrangement

UNIT XIII: HYDROCARBONS

• Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and reactions
• Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane): Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes
• Alkenes - Geometrical isomerism: Mechanism of electrophilic addition:
• addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markownikoffs and peroxide effect):
• Ozonolysis and polymerization
• Alkynes - Acidic character: Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, and hydrogen halides: Polymerization
• Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aromaticity,
• Mechanism of electrophilic substitution, halogenation, nitration
• Friedel - Craft’s alkylation and acylation, directive influence of the functional group in monosubstituted benzene

UNIT XIV: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY

• Environmental pollution - air
• water and soil pollution
• chemical reactions in atmosphere
• smog
• major atmospheric pollutants
• acid rain
• ozone and its reactions
• effects of depletion of ozone layer
• greenhouse effect and global warming-pollution due to industrial wastes
• green chemistry as an alternative tool for reducing pollution
• strategies for control of environmental pollution.

CHEMISTRY-XII

UNIT I: SOLID STATE

• Classification of solids based on different binding forces: molecular, ionic, covalent and metallic solids, amorphous and crystalline solids (elementary idea).
• Unit cell in two dimensional and three dimensional lattices
• calculation of density of unit cell
• packing in solids
• packing efficiency
• voids
• number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell
• point defects
• electrical and magnetic properties.
• Band theory of metals
• conductors
• semiconductors and insulators and n & p type semiconductors.

UNIT II: SOLUTIONS

• Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - molality, molarity, mole fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both),
• the vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult’s law
• Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions
• colligative properties of dilute solutions -a relative lowering of vapour pressure
• depression of mass freezing point
• the elevation of boiling point
• osmotic pressure;
• Determination of molecular mass using colligative properties;
• Abnormal value of molar mass
• van’t Hoff factor and calculations involving it.

UNIT III: ELECTROCHEMISTRY

• Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction
• redox reactions
• oxidation number, rules for assigning oxidation number,
• balancing of redox reactions
• Electrolytic and metallic conduction, conductance in electrolytic solutions,
• molar conductivities and their variation with concentration:
• Kohlrausch’s law and its applications
• Electrochemical cells
• Electrolytic
• Galvanic cells
• different types of electrodes, electrode potentials including standard electrode potential, half-cell and cell reactions, emf of a Galvanic cell and its measurement:
• Nernst equation and its applications;
• Relationship between cell potential and Gibbs’ energy change:
• Dry cell and lead accumulator;
• Fuel cells

UNIT IV: CHEMICAL KINETICS

• Rate of a chemical reaction
• factors affecting the rate of reactions: concentration, temperature, pressure, and catalyst;
• elementary and complex reactions,
• order and molecularity of reactions
• rate law
• rate constant and its units,
• differential and integral forms of zero and first-order reactions, their characteristics and half-lives,
• the effect of temperature on the rate of reactions
• Arrhenius theory
• activation energy and its calculation,
• collision theory of bimolecular gaseous reactions (no derivation).

UNIT V: SURFACE CHEMISTRY

• Adsorption - physisorption and chemisorption
• factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids
• catalysts
• homogenous and heterogenous activity and selectivity
• enzyme catalysts colloidal state distinction between true solutions,
• colloids and suspension
• lyophilic, lyophobic multimolecular and macromolecular colloids
• properties of colloids
• Tyndall effect, Brownian movement, electrophoresis, coagulation,
• emulsion - types of emulsions

UNIT VI: GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS

• Principles and methods of extraction - concentration, oxidation, reduction - electrolytic method and refining;
• occurrence and principles of extractionof aluminium, copper, zinc and iron.

UNIT VII: p - BLOCK ELEMENTS

• Group15 Elements: General introduction
• electronic configuration
• occurrence
• oxidation states
• trends in physical and chemical properties
• nitrogen preparation properties & uses
• compounds of nitrogen
• preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid
• oxides of nitrogen (Structure only);
• Phosphorus - allotropic forms,
• compounds of phosphorus: preparation and properties of phosphine
• halides PCl3
• PCl5 and oxoacids (elementary idea only).
• Group 16 Elements: General introduction
• electronic configuration
• oxidation states
• occurrence
• trends in physical and chemical properties
• dioxygen: Preparation, Properties and uses,
• classification of oxides, Ozone, Sulphur 0 allotropic forms;
• compounds of sulphur: Preparation properties and uses of sulphur - dioxide,
• sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses; oxoacids of sulphur (Structures only).
• Group 17 Elements: General introduction
• electronic configuration
• oxidation states
• occurrence
• trends in physical and chemical properties;
• compounds of halogens
• Preparation properties and uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid,
• interhalogen compounds
• oxoacids of halogens (structure only).
• Group 18 Elements: General introduction,electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties, uses.

UNIT VIII: d - and f- BLOCK ELEMENTS

• Transition Elements General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics,
• general trends in properties of the first-row transition elements - physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states,
• atomic radii,
• colour, catalytic behaviour,
• magnetic properties,
• complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation;
• Preparation, properties, and uses of K2CrO7, and KMnO4
• Lanthanoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.
• Actinoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid contraction and its consequences.
• Actinoids - Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lathanoids.

UNIT IX: COORDINATION COMPOUNDS

• Introduction to coordination compounds, Werner’s theory;
• ligands,
• co-ordination number, denticity, chelation;
• IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear co-ordination compounds, isomerism;
• Bonding-Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory,
• colour and magnetic properties;
• Importance of co-ordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems)

UNIT X: HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES

• General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions
• Nature of C-X bond
• Mechanisms of substitution reactions
• Uses; Environmental effects of chloroform, iodoform, freons, and DDT

UNIT XI: ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS

• General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses
• Alcohols: Identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols: mechanism of dehydration
• Phenols: Acidic nature, electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation. nitration and sulphonation. Reimer - Tiemann reaction
• Ethers: Structure

UNIT XII: ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

• General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses
• Aldehyde and Ketones
• Nature of carbonyl group;
• Nucleophilic addition to >C=O group, relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones;
• Important reactions such as - Nucleophilic addition reactions (addition of HCN, NH3, and its derivatives), Grignard reagent;
• oxidation,
• reduction (Wolf Kishner and Clemmensen);
• the acidity of α-hydrogen, aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction. Haloform reaction, Chemical tests to distinguish between aldehydes and Ketones
• Carboxylic Acids Acidic strength and factors affecting it

UNIT XIII: ORGANIC COMPUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN

• General methods of preparation. Properties, reactions, and uses.
• Amines: Nomenclature, classification structure, basic character, and identification of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines and their basic character
• Cyanide and Isocyanides-will be mentioned at relevant places in context
• Diazonium Salts: Importance in synthetic organic chemistry

UNIT XIV: BIOMOLECULES

• General introduction and importance of biomolecules
• CARBOHYDRATES - Classification; aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and fructose)
• constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose)polysaccharides(starch, cellulose, glycogem) importance.
• PROTEINS - Elementary Idea of α-amino acids,
• peptide bond, polypeptides
• Proteins:primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only),
• denaturation of proteins,
• enzymes
• Hormones-Elementary idea excluding structure
• VITAMINS — Classification and functions
• NUCLEIC ACIDS - Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA
• Biological functions of nucleic acids
• Hormones (General introduction)

UNIT XV: POLYMERS

• Classification-Natural and synthetic methods of polymerization(addition and condensation)co polymerization
• some important polymers
• natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon, polyester, bakelite, rubber, Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.

UNIT XVI: CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE

• Chemical in Medicines- Angesics, traqulizers antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility, drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines.
• Chemical in food-Preservations, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants Clensing agents-Soap and detergents, cleansing action.

MATHEMATICS-XI

UNIT I: SETS AND FUNCTIONS

• Sets and their representation:
• Union, intersection, complement of sets, Power set
• algebraic properties of sets
• Relation
• Type of relations, equivalence relations
• one-one, into and onto functions, the composition of functions
• Trigonometric Functions:
• Trigonometrical identities and trigonometrical functions
• inverse trigonometrical functions
• properties of inverse trigonometrical functions

UNIT II: ALGEBRA

• Complex numbers and quadratic equations:
• Introduction to Complex Numbers, Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals
• Representation of complex numbers in the form a + ib and their representation in a plane, modulus
• algebra of complex number,
• Argand diagram,and argument (or amplitude) of a complex number,
• Quadratic equations in real system and their solutions Relations between roots and co-efficient, nature of roots
• the formation of quadratic equations with given roots
• Permutations and combinations:
• The fundamental principle of counting
• permutation as an arrangement and combination as selection, Meaning of P (n,r) and C (n,r)
• Simple applications
• Binomial theorem:
• Binomial theorem for a positive integral index
• general term and middle term
• simple applications
• Sequence and series:
• Arithmetic and Geometric progressions,insertion of arithmetic means between two given numbers
• geometric means between two given numbers
• Relation between A.M and G.M

UNIT III: COORDINATE GEOMETRY

• Straight line
• Various forms of equations of a line, angles between two lines
• intersection of lines
• conditions for concurrence of three lines
• the distance of a point from a line
• co-ordinate of the centroid, orthocentre, and circumcentre of a triangle. Circle, conic sections
• A standard form of equations of a circle, the general form of the equation of a circle,its radius
• central equation of a circle when the endpoints of a diameter are given
• points of intersection of a line and a circle with the centre at the origin
• sections of conics, equations of parabola in standard form
• equations of ellipse in standard forms
• equations of hyperbola in standard forms
• Three-Dimensional Geometry
• Coordinates of a point in space,directions ratios, and direction cosines, the angle between two intersecting lines, the distance between two points, section formula
• Skew lines
• the shortest distance between them Skew lines, the shortest distance between them, and its equation. Equations of a line

UNIT IV: CALCULUS

• Limits and derivatives:
• functions, Graphs of simple functions
• algebra of functions, rational
• polynomial function
• Trigonometric function
• inverse function
• Limits
• Differentiation of the sum, difference, product, and quotient of two functions, Differentiation of trigonometric functions
• logarithmic Functions & its Derivatives
• Differentiation of Exponential, inverse trigonometric and implicit functions
• Differentiation of composite function
• derivatives of order up to two
• Rate of change of quantities, Applications of derivatives
• increasing and decreasing functions
• Maxima and minima of functions of one variable

UNIT V: MATHEMATICAL REASONING

• Mathematically acceptable statements.
• Connecting words / phrases consolidating the understanding of “if and only if (necessary and sufficient) condition”, “implies”, “and/or”, “implied by”, “and”, “or”, “there exists” and their use through variety of examples related to real life and Mathematics.
• Validating the statements involving the connecting words difference between contradiction, converse and contrapositive.

UNIT VI: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

• Statistics:
• Measures of discretion;calculation of mean, median, mode of grouped and ungrouped data , mean deviation for grouped and ungrouped data
• calculation of standard deviation, variance, for grouped and ungrouped data
• Probability:
• Probability of an event
• addition theorems of probability
• multiplication theorems of probability
• Baye’s theorem, probability distribution of a random variate

MATHEMATICS-XII

UNIT I: RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Relations and Function:

• Relation
• Type of relations, equivalence relations
• one to one and onto functions, composition functions,
• inverse of a function, Binary operations.

Inverse Trigonometrical Functions:

• Definition, range, domain, principal value branches. Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions.
• properties of inverse trigonometrical functions

UNIT II: ALGEBRA

Matrices:

• Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices.
• Addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication of matrices, simple properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication
• Non-commutativity of multiplication of matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix (restrict to square matrices of order 2)
• Concept of elementary row and column operations. Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists; (Here all matrices will have real entries).

Determinants:

• Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3 matrices), properties of determinants, minors, cofactors and applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle.
• Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix.
• Consistency, inconsistency and number of solutions of system of linear equations by examples, solving system of linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a matrix. Cramer’s Rule and its applications.
• Matrices, algebra of matrices, type of matrices,and matrices of order two and three,
• determinants
• evaluation of determinants,Adjoint, and evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using determinants
• area of triangles using determinants
• Test of consistency
• solution of simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables using matrices

UNIT III: CALCULAS

Continuity and Differentiability:

• Continuity and differentialiabity
• derivative of composite functions
• chain rule
• derivates of inverse trigonometric functions
• derivate of implicit functions
• concept of exponential and logarithmic functions to the base e
• Logarithmic functions as inverse of exponential functions
• lim 1/x, lim 1/x, lim (1+1/x)x, lim (1+x)1/x, lim log(1+x), lim ex-1 x->0 x-> à x-> à x->0 x->0 x x->0 x Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions
• Logarithmic differentiation, derivative of functions expressed in parametric forms
• Second order derivatives
• Rolle’s and Lagranges’s Mean value theorems (without proof) and their geometric interpretation and simple applications.
• Integral as an anti-derivative, fundamental theorem of calculus
• Fundamental integral involving algebraic, trigonometric, exponential, and logarithms functions. Integrations by substitution
• Integration by parts, and by partial fractions
• Integration using trigonometric identities
• Evaluation of simple integrals of the type ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2+𝑎2 , ∫ 𝑑𝑥 √𝑥 2 ± 𝑎2 , ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑎2− 𝑥 2 , ∫ 𝑑𝑥 √𝑎2− 𝑥 2 , ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑥2+𝑏𝑥+𝑐 ,∫ 𝑑𝑥 √𝑎𝑥2+ 𝑏𝑥+𝑐 , ∫ (𝑝𝑥+𝑞)𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑥2+𝑏𝑥+𝑐 , ∫ (𝑝𝑥+𝑞)𝑑𝑥 √𝑎𝑥2+ 𝑏𝑥+𝑐
• Evaluation of simple integrals of the type ∫ √𝑎 2 ± 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 , ∫√𝑥 2 − 𝑎 2 𝑑𝑥
• The properties of definite integrals
• Evaluation of definite integrals,
• determining areas of the regions bounded by simple curves in standard form
• Derivatives, continuity, and differentiability:
• functions, Graphs of simple functions
• algebra of functions, rational
• polynomial function
• Trigonometric function
• inverse function
• Limits
• continuity and differentiability
• Differentiation of the sum, difference, product, and quotient of two functions, Differentiation of trigonometric functions
• logarithmic Functions & its Derivatives
• Differentiation of Exponential, inverse trigonometric and implicit functions
• Differentiation of composite function
• derivatives of order up to two
• Rate of change of quantities, Applications of derivatives
• increasing and decreasing functions
• Maxima and minima of functions of one variable

UNIT IV: VECTOR AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY

Vectors:

• Vectors and scalars,
• magnitude and direction of a vector
• Direction cosines/ratios of vectors
• Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors)
• Position vector of a point
• negative of a vector
• components of a vector
• addition of vectors
• multiplication of a vector by a Scalar
• position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio
• Scalar (dot) product of vectors
• projection of a vector on a line
• Vector (cross) product of vectors.

Three - dimensional Geometry:

• Direction cosines/ratios of a line joining two points.
• Cartesian and vector equation of a line
• coplanar and skew lines
• shortest distance between two lines
• Cartesian and vector equation of a plane
• Angle between (i) two lines (ii) two planes (iii) a line and a plane
• Distance of a point from a plane.
• Vectors and scalars, the addition of vectors
• components of a vector in two dimensions and threedimensional space
• scalar products
• vector products
• Coordinates of a point in space,directions ratios, and direction cosines, the angle between two intersecting lines, the distance between two points, section formula
• Skew lines
• the shortest distance between them Skew lines, the shortest distance between them, and its equation. Equations of a line

UNIT-V: LINEAR PROGRAMMING

• Introduction
• definition of related terminology such as constraints
• objective function
• optimization
• different types of linear programming (L.P.) problems
• mathematical formulation of L.P. problems
• graphical method of solution for problems in two variables
• feasible and infeasible regions
• feasible and infeasible solutions
• optimal feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints).

UNIT VI: PROBABILITY

• Multiplication theorem on probability Conditional probability
• independent events
• total probability
• Baye’s theorem
• Random variable and its probability distribution mean and variance of random variable.
• Repeated independent (Bernoulli) trials and Binomial distribution.
• Probability of an event
• addition theorems of probability
• multiplication theorems of probability
• Baye’s theorem, probability distribution of a random variate

BIOLOGY-XI

UNIT I: DIVERSITY OF LIVING ORGANISMS

• What is living? ;
• Biodiversity
• Need for classification
• Taxonomy & Systematics
• Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy
• Binomial nomenclature
• Five kingdom classification
• salient features and classification of Monera
• Protista and Fungi into major groups
• Lichens
• Viruses and Viroids.
• Salient features and classification of plants into major groups-Algae
• Bryophytes
• Pteridophytes
• Gymnosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category);
• Salient features and classification of animals-nonchordate up to phyla level and chordate up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples).

UNIT II: STRUCTURAL ORGANISATION IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

• Morphology and modifications
• Tissues
• Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants
• stem
• Root
• leaf
• inflorescence- cymose and recemose,
• flower
• fruit
• seed (To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus)
• Family (malvaceae, Cruciferae, leguminoceae, compositae, graminae).
• Animal tissues
• Morphology, anatomy and functions of different systems(digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous and reproductive)
• of an insect (Frog). (Brief account only)

UNIT III: CELL: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

• Cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life;
• Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
• Plant cell and animal cell;
• cell membrane, cell wall,Cell envelope
• Cell organelles structure and function; Endomembrane system-endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies; lysosomes
• vacuoles;
• mitochondria
• ribosomes
• plastids
• micro bodies; Cytoskeleton;
• cilia, flagella
• centrioles
• Nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin,(ultra structure and function);
• nucleolus
• Chemical constituents of living cells:
• Biomolecules-structure
• function of proteins
• carbodydrates
• lipids, nucleic acids
• Enzymes-types, properties, enzyme action, classification and nomenclature of anzymes
• B Cell division
• Cell cycle, mitosis,
• meiosis and their significance

UNIT IV: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

• Photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition;
• Site of photosynthesis take place
• pigments involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary idea)
• Photochemical
• biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis
• Cyclic and non cyclic and photophosphorylation
• Chemiosmotic hypothesis;
• Photorespiration C3 and C4 pathways;
• Factors affecting photosynthesis
• Respiration
• Exchange gases;
• Cellular respiration-glycolysis
• fermentation (anaerobic)
• TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic)
• Energy relations-Number of ATP molecules generated
• Amphibolic pathways
• Respiratory quotient
• Plant growth and development
• Seed germination;
• Phases of Plant growth and plant growth rate; Conditions of growth, Differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; Growth regulatorsauxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA;

UNIT V: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

• Breathing and Respiration:
• Respiratory organs in animals (recall only)
• Respiratory system in humans
• Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases
• transport of gases
• regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes
• Disorders related to respiration-Asthma
• Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.
• Body fluids and circulation:
• Composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; Composition of lymph and its function
• Human circulatory system-Structure of human heart
• blood vessels;
• Cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG,
• Double circulation
• Regulation of cardiac activity
• Disorders of circulatory system-Hypertension
• Coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure
• Excretory products and their elimination
• Modes of excretion- Ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism;
• Human excretory system-structure and fuction
• Urine formation Osmoregulation;
• Regulation of kidney function-Renin
• angiotensin
• Atrial Natriuretic Factor,
• ADH and Diabetes insipidus;
• Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders; Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis;
• Dialysis and artificial kidney.
• Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement
• ciliary, fiagellar, muscular;
• Skeletal muscle-contractile proteins
• muscle contraction
• Skeletal system and its functions(To be dealt with the relevant practical of Practical syllabus);
• Joints;
• Disorders of muscular and skeletal system-
• Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy
• Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout.
• Neural control and coordination:
• Neuron and nerves
• Nervous system in humans central nervous system
• peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system
• Generation and conduction of nerve impulse;
• Chemical coordination and regulation:
• Endocrine glands and hormones
• Human endocrine system
• Hypothalamus, Pituitary,
• Pineal, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads;
• Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary Idea);
• Role of hormones as messengers and regulators
• Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders
• Common disorders e.g. Dwarfism
• Acromegaly,
• Cretinism
• goiter
• exopthalmic goiter,
• diabetes
• Addison’s disease. (Imp: Diseases and disorders mentioned above to be dealt in brief.)

BIOLOGY-XII

UNIT I: REPRODUCTION

• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants:
• Flower structure
• Development of male and female gametophytes
• Pollination-types, agencies and examples
• Outbreeding devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction
• Double fertilization
• Post fertilization events- Development of endosperm and embryo
• Development of seed and formation of fruit
• Special modes apomixis parthenocarpy, polyembryony
• Significance of seed and fruit formation
• Human Reproduction:
• Male and female reproductive systems
• Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary;
• Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis
• oogenesis
• Menstrual cycle
• Fertilisation
• embryo development upto blastocyst formation,
• implantation
• Pregnancy and placenta formation
• Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea).
• Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD);
• Birth control-Need and Methods,
• Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP);
• Amniocentesis;
• Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies — IV F, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).

UNIT II: GENETICS AND EVOLUTION

• Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance
• Deviations from Mendelism
• Incomplete dominance
• Co-dominance
• Multiple alleles
• Inheritance of blood groups
• Pleiotropy
• Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance
• Chromosome theory of inheritance
• Chromosomes and genes;
• Sex determination
• In humans
• birds
• honey bee
• Linkage and crossing over
• Sex linked inheritance
• Haemophilia
• Colour blindness
• Mendelian disorders in humans-
• Thalassemia
• Chromosomal disorders in humans
• Down’s syndrome
• Turner’s
• Klinefelter’s syndromes
• Molecular basis of Inheritance:
• Search for genetic material
• DNA as genetic material
• Structure of DNA
• RNA
• DNA packaging
• DNA replication
• Central dogma
• Transcription
• genetic code
• translation
• Gene expression and regulation- Lac Operon
• Genome and human genome project
• DNA finger printing
• protein biosynthesis
• Evolution: Origin of life
• Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution from Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence
• Darwin’s contribution,
• Modern Synthetic theory of Evolution;
• Mechanism of evolution
• Variation (Mutation and Recombination)
• Natural Selection with examples
• types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-Weinberg’s principle
• Adaptive Radiation
• Human evolution

UNIT III: BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE

• Health and Disease; Pathogens
• parasites causing human diseases
• Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis. Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm
• dengue, chikungunya;
• Basic concepts of immunology
• vaccines
• Cancer, HIV and AIDS
• Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.Tobacco abuse
• Microbes in human welfare:
• In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation
• as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers

UNIT IV: BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

• Principles and process of Biotechnology:
• Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology)
• Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture
• Human insulin
• vaccine production
• gene therapy
• Genetically modified organisms-Bt crops
• Transgenic Animals
• Biosafety issues-Biopiracy and patents

UNIT V: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT

• Organisms and environment Population interactions mutualism, competition
• predation, parasitism; Population attributes-growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution
• Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of number, biomass, energy
• Biodiversity and its conservation
• Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance of Biodiversity;
• Loss of Biodiversity, Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book. biosphere reserves, National par s and sanctuaries, Sacred Groves