physics-class-12-unit-14-chapter-01-conductors-semiconductors-and-insulators-l-1-8-nschc-qg3vg

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Conductors Semiconductors and Insulators</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Hybridization</B></Primary></p>
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<p>$\vec{J}$ = $ \sigma \vec{E}$</p>
<p>J = Current density ,  $\quad \vec{J} = \frac{I}{A}$</p>
<p>C , Si $\underset{Z=14}{\downarrow}$</p>
<p>$ 1s^2, 2s^2 p^6 , 3s^2 p^2 , \underbrace{4s^2}_{empty}$</p>
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<footer style='font-size:18px'> Free Electrons$\to$8 Quantum States$\to$<span style="color:blue">Hybridization</span>$\to$Summary </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Conductors Semiconductors and Insulators</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Hybridization</B></Primary></p>
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<p>$\bold{\underline{(sp^3) hybridization}}$</p>
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<li>8 quantum states</li>
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<p><span style="color:green">N atoms $\rightarrow$ 8N quantum states</span></p>
<p>V = 230 volts</p>
<p>P = 100W</p>
<p>$ R = \frac{v^2}{P} = \frac{230 \times 230}{100} = 529 \Omega $</p>
<p>At room temperature  R = 41$\Omega$</p>
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<footer style='font-size:18px'> Free Electrons$\to$8 Quantum States$\to$<span style="color:blue">Hybridization</span>$\to$Summary </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Conductors Semiconductors and Insulators</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Summary</B></Primary></p>
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<p>In normal conditions (ground state of the atom), electrons start filling the quantum states from lowest energy levels</p>
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<p>In solids, the outer electrons of one atom interact significantly with its neighbours and that shifts the energy levels of quantum states</p>
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<p>Such interactions lead to spreading of sharp energy levels into energy bands separated by energy gaps</p>
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<hr>
<footer style='font-size:18px'> Free Electrons$\to$8 Quantum States$\to$Hybridization$\to$<span style="color:blue">Summary</span> </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Conductors Semiconductors and Insulators</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Summary</B></Primary></p>
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<p>Electrons in valence band correspond to those strongly bonded to the atoms, whereas electrons in conduction band correspond to those weakly bound to the atoms</p>
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<p>If the conduction band is partially empty, the material is a conductor</p>
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<p>If the conduction band is completely empty, the material may be insulator or semiconductor</p>
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<hr>
<footer style='font-size:18px'> Free Electrons$\to$8 Quantum States$\to$Hybridization$\to$<span style="color:blue">Summary</span> </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Conductors Semiconductors and Insulators</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Summary</B></Primary></p>
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<p>Because of thermal interactions, some electrons can go from valence band to conduction band leaving empty quantum states in the valence band</p>
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<p>If an electric field is applied to a semiconductor, conduction can take place due to the electrons promoted to the conduction band and also due to electrons in the valance band shifting to fill the empty quantum states</p>
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<footer style='font-size:18px'> Free Electrons$\to$8 Quantum States$\to$Hybridization$\to$<span style="color:blue">Summary</span> </footer>