<p><Success style='float: center;margin-top:16rem;text-align:center'><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <!--<div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:100%;'>--> <!-- </div>--> <!--<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>-->

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/30815b1e-4dba-40aa-07e2-cdbb05439c00/public" width="45%" > <!----> <!----> <!----> </div> </main> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> <span style="color:blue">Atomic Nucleus</span>$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$Mass Energy Equivalence$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Hydrogen Atom</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:50%;'> <p>Positive charge proton</p> <p>$m_p \approx 2000 m_e$</p> <p>$|e_p| = |q_e|$</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/5ea5c21f-491a-4cd9-77fc-eb3bf8206500/public" width="50%" > <!----> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$<span style="color:blue">Hydrogen Atom</span>$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$Mass Energy Equivalence$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Atom with Z Electrons</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:50%;'> <p>There are Z number of protons in its nucleus.</p> <p>$4{He}_2=Z$</p> <p>$Z=2$</p> <p><strong>Protons</strong></p> <p>$m_{H e} ≄ 2 m_H$</p> <p>$\simeq 4 m_H$</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/5b9b6392-bf59-4125-e731-99d304005000/public" width="50%" > <!----> <!----> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$<span style="color:blue">Atom with Z Electrons</span>$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$Mass Energy Equivalence$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Experiments of Chadwick </B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Bombard light elements such as Boron and Beryllium with $\alpha$ particles</p> </li> <li> <p>$\alpha$ particles (were obtained from the radioactive decay of Polonium. Energies: $\sim 5 {MeV}$</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-the-atomic-nucleus-ii-l-5_5-chvhz7oef6s-05.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-the-atomic-nucleus-ii-l-5_5-chvhz7oef6s-06.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$<span style="color:blue">Experiments of Chadwick</span>$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$Mass Energy Equivalence$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Experiments Results</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li>The bombarded gave rise to two kinds of species:</li> </ul> <p>Protons and neutral radiation</p> <ul> <li> <p>Neutral particles had great penetrating power (greater than X-Rays)</p> </li> <li> <p>The neutral radiation could further eject electrons from a number of protons.</p> </li> </ul> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-the-atomic-nucleus-ii-l-5_5-chvhz7oef6s-07.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$<span style="color:blue">Experiments Results</span>$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$Mass Energy Equivalence$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Neutron</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Mary and Pierre Curie: Photons (Compton scattering analogy)</p> </li> <li> <p>Chadwick: They were new kind of particles with mass almost same as of protons (Energy Momentum conservation)</p> </li> <li> <p>$M_n \approx 1.15 M_p$ (Chadwick’s estimate)</p> </li> <li> <p>$M_n=1.001 M_p$ (Current Value)</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-the-atomic-nucleus-ii-l-5_5-chvhz7oef6s-08.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$<span style="color:blue">Neutron</span>$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$Mass Energy Equivalence$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>An atomic Nucleus consists of</p> </li> <li> <p>Protons (Positive Charge)</p> </li> <li> <p>Neutrons (Neutral)</p> </li> <li> <p>$M_p \approx M_n$</p> </li> <li> <p>There is no evidence for existence of electrons in the nucleus</p> </li> <li> <p>There are always as many protons as there are electrons orbiting the nucleus</p> </li> </ul> <p>$\left| \frac{M_n-M_p}{M_p}\right| \simeq 10^{-3}$</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-the-atomic-nucleus-ii-l-5_5-chvhz7oef6s-094-0910.8.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-the-atomic-nucleus-ii-l-5_5-chvhz7oef6s-10.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$<span style="color:blue">Atomic Nucleus</span>$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$Mass Energy Equivalence$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Periodic Properties</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:100%;'> <p><strong>Big question:-</strong> What about the number of neutrons?</p> <ul> <li> <p>What are isotopes, isobars and isotones?</p> </li> <li> <p>Matters of jargon</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-the-atomic-nucleus-ii-l-5_5-chvhz7oef6s-11.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$<span style="color:blue">Periodic Properties</span>$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$Mass Energy Equivalence$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Periodic Table of the Elements</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/7d707f4b-6094-445f-ffdc-7502e7ec1700/public" width="45%"> <!----> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$<span style="color:blue">Periodic Table of the Elements</span>$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$Mass Energy Equivalence$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Notation</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:100%;'> <p>${ }_Z^A X$</p> <ul> <li> <p>X: Nucleus (Hydrogen, Carbon, Phosphorus, …</p> </li> <li> <p>A: Total Number of protons + neutrons (Atomic Weight) (Total number of nucleons)</p> </li> <li> <p>Z: Total number of protons (Atomic Number)</p> </li> <li> <p>A-Z: Total number of neutrons</p> </li> <li> <p>Nuclide: A nucleus with both $A$ and $Z$ fixed</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-the-atomic-nucleus-ii-l-5_5-chvhz7oef6s-13.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$<span style="color:blue">Notation</span>$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$Mass Energy Equivalence$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Definition</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li> <p>Two nuclides with the same Z are called isotopes</p> </li> <li> <p>Two nuclides with the same A are called isobars</p> </li> <li> <p>Two nuclides with the same A-Z are called isotones</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-the-atomic-nucleus-ii-l-5_5-chvhz7oef6s-14.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$<span style="color:blue">Definition</span>$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$Mass Energy Equivalence$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Isotopes</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:100%;'> <p>${ }_1^1 {H},{ }_1^2 {H},{ }_1^3 {H}$</p> <ul> <li> <p>Hydrogen, Deuterium and Tritium</p> </li> <li> <p>Similarly Helium and Tritium for Isobars</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-the-atomic-nucleus-ii-l-5_5-chvhz7oef6s-15.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$<span style="color:blue">Isotopes</span>$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$Mass Energy Equivalence$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Isobar</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:100%;'> <p>$\left| \frac{M_n-M_p}{M_p}\right| \simeq 10^{-3}$</p> <p>$^3 _2He$</p> <p>A = 3</p> <p>Z = 2</p> <p>$^3 _1H$</p> <p>A = 3</p> <p>Z = 1</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-the-atomic-nucleus-ii-l-5_5-chvhz7oef6s-16.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$<span style="color:blue">Isobar</span>$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$Mass Energy Equivalence$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Size of the Nucleus of an Atom</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:50%;'> <p><strong>Rough scale :-</strong></p> <p>$r_{{nucleus}} \sim 10^{-14}-10^{-15} m $</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/1902a879-bfca-415d-0a47-c6af9fe05800/public" width="70%"> <!----> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$<span style="color:blue">Size of the Nucleus of an Atom</span>$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$Mass Energy Equivalence$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Charge Distribution</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:50%;'> <p>$ \text{Charge density} :1 fm = 10^{-15} m $</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <!----> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/a7ae26b6-ebc5-4b98-8920-4ad9e7381800/public" width ="40%" > <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$<span style="color:blue">Charge Distribution</span>$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$Mass Energy Equivalence$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Sizes of Nuclei 1</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <!----> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/7d18d606-e9f1-45c2-a54f-8abc86a76100/public" width ="23%"> <!----> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$<span style="color:blue">Sizes of Nuclei 1</span>$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$Mass Energy Equivalence$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Scattering</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:100%;'> <!----> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/df0f77c7-86fc-46fc-eea5-e651a5716200/public" width="60%" > <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$<span style="color:blue">Scattering</span>$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$Mass Energy Equivalence$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Nuclear Sizes</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:100%;'> <p>Two parameters: A and Z</p> <p>Depends only on A:</p> <p>$R = R_0 A^{1/3}$</p> <p>$M = M_0 A$</p> <p>$V = V_0 A$</p> <p>$R_0=1.25 \times 10^{-15} \mathrm{m} ; \mathrm{R}_{{p}} \approx 0.85 \times 10^{-15} {m}$</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-the-atomic-nucleus-ii-l-5_5-chvhz7oef6s-22.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$<span style="color:blue">Nuclear Sizes</span>$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$Mass Energy Equivalence$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Nuclear Sizes</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:100%;'> <p>$R(A)=R_0 A^{1/3}$</p> <p>$M = M_0 V$</p> <p>$M = {\rho_x} V=\rho_{{const.}} \times R^3(A)$</p> <p>$\simeq(P_c R_0^3) A$</p> <p>$M_0$</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-the-atomic-nucleus-ii-l-5_5-chvhz7oef6s-24.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$<span style="color:blue">Nuclear Sizes</span>$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$Mass Energy Equivalence$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Nuclear Sizes</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:100%;'> <p>Given Radius of $^{16}O$ We could be able to get $R(^{12}C)$</p> <p>$R(^{16}O) = R_0(16)^{1/3}$</p> <p>$R(^{12}C) = R_0(12)^{1/3}$</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-the-atomic-nucleus-ii-l-5_5-chvhz7oef6s-25.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$<span style="color:blue">Nuclear Sizes</span>$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$Mass Energy Equivalence$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Nuclear Sizes</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:100%;'> <p>$\frac{R(^{12}C)}{R(^{16}O)} = (\frac{12}{16})^{1/3}$</p> <p>$R(^{12}C) = (\frac{3}{4})^{1/3} R(^{16}O)$</p> <p>$\simeq 1$</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-the-atomic-nucleus-ii-l-5_5-chvhz7oef6s-26.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$<span style="color:blue">Nuclear Sizes</span>$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$Mass Energy Equivalence$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Nucleus</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:100%;'> <ul> <li>Protons</li> <li>Neutrons</li> </ul> <p>$\simeq 10^{-15}$ m</p> <p>$R \sim R_0 A^{1/3}$</p> <p>Sensitive to changes in the scale of f m</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-the-atomic-nucleus-ii-l-5_5-chvhz7oef6s-27.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$<span style="color:blue">Nucleus</span>$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$Mass Energy Equivalence$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Masses of Nuclei Relativity</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:100%;'> <p>Newtonian case</p> <p>P = mv ; $E = \frac{1}{2} m v^2$</p> <p>v = at</p> <p>v > c</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-the-atomic-nucleus-ii-l-5_5-chvhz7oef6s-28.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$<span style="color:blue">Masses of Nuclei Relativity</span>$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$Mass Energy Equivalence$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>More on Nuclear Masses</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:100%;'> <p><strong>Mass energy relation</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>No material particle can move with a speed $v \geq c$</p> </li> <li> <p>There is no restriction on the energy a body can possess</p> </li> <li> <p>Therefore, $p \neq m v, E \neq \frac{1}{2} m v^2$</p> </li> <li> <p>Inertia depends on the speed!</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-the-atomic-nucleus-ii-l-5_5-chvhz7oef6s-258-2707.2.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$<span style="color:blue">More on Nuclear Masses</span>$\to$Force$\to$Mass Energy Equivalence$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Force</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:100%;'> <p>$\frac{d p}{d t}=m \frac{d v}{d t}=F$</p> <p>$a=\frac{F}{m}$</p> <p>independent of speed</p> <p>integration</p> <p>$v(t)=(\frac{F}{m}) {t}+v_0>C$</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-the-atomic-nucleus-ii-l-5_5-chvhz7oef6s-30.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$<span style="color:blue">Force</span>$\to$Mass Energy Equivalence$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer> <p>======</p> <p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Mass Energy Equivalence</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:100%;'> <p><strong>Einstein relation</strong></p> <p>$M(v) = M_0 \frac{1}{\sqrt{(1-v^2 / c^2)}}$</p> <p>$E =M(v) c^2$</p> <p>p(v) = M(v)v</p> <p>$E^2 =p^2 c^2+M_0^2 c^4$</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-the-atomic-nucleus-ii-l-5_5-chvhz7oef6s-32.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$<span style="color:blue">Mass Energy Equivalence</span>$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Mass Energy Equivalence</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:100%;'> <p>$M(v)=M_0 \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-v^2 / c^2}}$</p> <p>$\frac{v}{c} \ll 1$</p> <p>$M(v) \simeq M_0[1+\frac{1}{2}(\frac{v^2}{c^2})]$</p> <p>$\simeq M_0 ~ small ~\frac{v}{c}$</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-the-atomic-nucleus-ii-l-5_5-chvhz7oef6s-33.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$<span style="color:blue">Mass Energy Equivalence</span>$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Mass Energy Equivalence</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:100%;'> <p>$\vec{p}(v)={m(v)} \vec{v}$</p> <p>$\frac{d \vec{p}}{d t}=\vec{F}=\text { const. }$</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-the-atomic-nucleus-ii-l-5_5-chvhz7oef6s-34.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$<span style="color:blue">Mass Energy Equivalence</span>$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Mass Energy Equivalence</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:100%;'> <p>$\vec{p}(t)=\vec{F} \times t$;</p> <p>$=m(v(t)) \vec{v}(t)$</p> <p>F(t) = constant</p> <p>$\vec{p}(t)=\vec{F} \times t$</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-the-atomic-nucleus-ii-l-5_5-chvhz7oef6s-35.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$<span style="color:blue">Mass Energy Equivalence</span>$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Mass Energy Equivalence</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:100%;'> <p>$\vec{E}(v) =\frac{m_0 c^2}{\sqrt{1-v^2 / c^2}}$</p> <p>$=m(v) c^2$</p> <p>$\simeq m_0 c^2[1+\frac{1}{2} \frac{v^2}{c^2}+\cdots]$</p> <p>$=m_0 c^2+\frac{1}{2} m_0 v^2$</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-the-atomic-nucleus-ii-l-5_5-chvhz7oef6s-36.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$<span style="color:blue">Mass Energy Equivalence</span>$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Mass Energy Equivalence</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; text-align: left; font-size: 22px; width:100%;'> <p>$E^2=p^2 c^2+M_0^2 c^4$</p> <p>has non-trivial solutions even when $M_v=0$</p> <p>E = p c ;</p> <p>$v=\frac{d \varepsilon}{d p}=C$</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-the-atomic-nucleus-ii-l-5_5-chvhz7oef6s-38.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$<span style="color:blue">Mass Energy Equivalence</span>$\to$Mass Speed Relation </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p> <p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Mass Speed Relation</B></Primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/82203780-af93-4eb8-73a7-76010d9a9400/public" width="35%" > <!----> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style='font-size:18px'> Atomic Nucleus$\to$Hydrogen Atom$\to$Atom with Z Electrons$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Experiments Results$\to$Neutron$\to$Periodic Properties$\to$Periodic Table of the Elements$\to$Notation$\to$Definition$\to$Isotopes$\to$Isobar$\to$Size of the Nucleus of an Atom$\to$Charge Distribution$\to$Sizes of Nuclei 1$\to$Scattering$\to$Nuclear Sizes$\to$Nucleus$\to$Masses of Nuclei Relativity$\to$More on Nuclear Masses$\to$Force$\to$Mass Energy Equivalence$\to$<span style="color:blue">Mass Speed Relation</span> </footer>

<p><Success style='float: center;margin-top:16rem;text-align:center'><B>Thank you</B></Success></p>