physics-class-12-unit-13-chapter-04-the-atomic-nucleus-i-l-4-5-wuzasdl2ihk

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Atom</B></Primary></p>
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<p>Magnify $10^{15}m$</p>
<p>$10^{-18}cm \rightarrow 10^{10}m$</p>
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<span style="color:blue">Atom</span>$\to$Charge Quantization$\to$Evidence$\to$Electrically Neutral$\to$Periodic Table$\to$Atomic Nucleus$\to$Possibilities$\to$Tungsten$\to$Isotopes$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Elastic and Inelastic Scatterings$\to$Inelastic Scattering$\to$Experiment$\to$Experimental Results$\to$Radiation$\to$Neutral Radiation$\to$Compton Effect
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<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Charge Quantization</B></Primary></p>
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<p>Isotopes and Isobars</p>
<p>All electric charges come in integer multiples of a fundamental charge unit</p>
<p>$Q=n|e| ; n=0, \pm 1, \pm 2, \cdots$</p>
<p>Electron: $\mathrm{n}=-1$</p>
<p>Proton: $\mathrm{n}=1$</p>
<p>Nucleus: $n=Z=i, 2,3 \ldots \ldots$.</p>
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Atom$\to$<span style="color:blue">Charge Quantization</span>$\to$Evidence$\to$Electrically Neutral$\to$Periodic Table$\to$Atomic Nucleus$\to$Possibilities$\to$Tungsten$\to$Isotopes$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Elastic and Inelastic Scatterings$\to$Inelastic Scattering$\to$Experiment$\to$Experimental Results$\to$Radiation$\to$Neutral Radiation$\to$Compton Effect
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<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Evidence</B></Primary></p>
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<p><strong>Neutrality of atoms</strong></p>
<p>figure: Interatomic potential (schematic)</p>
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Atom$\to$Charge Quantization$\to$<span style="color:blue">Evidence</span>$\to$Electrically Neutral$\to$Periodic Table$\to$Atomic Nucleus$\to$Possibilities$\to$Tungsten$\to$Isotopes$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Elastic and Inelastic Scatterings$\to$Inelastic Scattering$\to$Experiment$\to$Experimental Results$\to$Radiation$\to$Neutral Radiation$\to$Compton Effect
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<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Electrically Neutral</B></Primary></p>
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<p>Electrically neutral $|$ Electrically neutral</p>
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Atom$\to$Charge Quantization$\to$Evidence$\to$<span style="color:blue">Electrically Neutral</span>$\to$Periodic Table$\to$Atomic Nucleus$\to$Possibilities$\to$Tungsten$\to$Isotopes$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Elastic and Inelastic Scatterings$\to$Inelastic Scattering$\to$Experiment$\to$Experimental Results$\to$Radiation$\to$Neutral Radiation$\to$Compton Effect
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<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Electrically Neutral</B></Primary></p>
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<p>$\left|\frac{q_p}{q_e}\right|-1 \mid<10^{-22}$</p>
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Atom$\to$Charge Quantization$\to$Evidence$\to$<span style="color:blue">Electrically Neutral</span>$\to$Periodic Table$\to$Atomic Nucleus$\to$Possibilities$\to$Tungsten$\to$Isotopes$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Elastic and Inelastic Scatterings$\to$Inelastic Scattering$\to$Experiment$\to$Experimental Results$\to$Radiation$\to$Neutral Radiation$\to$Compton Effect
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<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Evidence</B></Primary></p>
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<p><strong>Neutrality of atoms</strong></p>
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Atom$\to$Charge Quantization$\to$<span style="color:blue">Evidence</span>$\to$Electrically Neutral$\to$Periodic Table$\to$Atomic Nucleus$\to$Possibilities$\to$Tungsten$\to$Isotopes$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Elastic and Inelastic Scatterings$\to$Inelastic Scattering$\to$Experiment$\to$Experimental Results$\to$Radiation$\to$Neutral Radiation$\to$Compton Effect
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<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Periodic Table</B></Primary></p>
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<p><strong>Mass - Charge mismatch</strong></p>
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Atom$\to$Charge Quantization$\to$Evidence$\to$Electrically Neutral$\to$<span style="color:blue">Periodic Table</span>$\to$Atomic Nucleus$\to$Possibilities$\to$Tungsten$\to$Isotopes$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Elastic and Inelastic Scatterings$\to$Inelastic Scattering$\to$Experiment$\to$Experimental Results$\to$Radiation$\to$Neutral Radiation$\to$Compton Effect
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<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Primary></p>
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<p>Where does the extra mass come form?</p>
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<li>
<p>What holds the protons together?</p>
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<li>
<p>What, ultimately, are the constituents of a nucleus?</p>
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<li>
<p>Figure: Periodic table</p>
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</ul>
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<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/Physics-Class-12-Unit-13-Chapter-04-The-Atomic-Nucleus-I-L-4_5-wuzasdl2ihk-8a.jpg"></p>
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Atom$\to$Charge Quantization$\to$Evidence$\to$Electrically Neutral$\to$Periodic Table$\to$<span style="color:blue">Atomic Nucleus</span>$\to$Possibilities$\to$Tungsten$\to$Isotopes$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Elastic and Inelastic Scatterings$\to$Inelastic Scattering$\to$Experiment$\to$Experimental Results$\to$Radiation$\to$Neutral Radiation$\to$Compton Effect
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<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Possibilities</B></Primary></p>
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<ul>
<li>
<p>Electrons in the nucleus</p>
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<li>
<p>New electrically neutral particle</p>
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<li>
<p>Appeal to experiments</p>
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</ul>
<h4 id="first-picture">First Picture</h4>
<p>$ve \rightarrow $ Atomic electron</p>
<p>protons + nuclear electrons</p>
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Atom$\to$Charge Quantization$\to$Evidence$\to$Electrically Neutral$\to$Periodic Table$\to$Atomic Nucleus$\to$<span style="color:blue">Possibilities</span>$\to$Tungsten$\to$Isotopes$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Elastic and Inelastic Scatterings$\to$Inelastic Scattering$\to$Experiment$\to$Experimental Results$\to$Radiation$\to$Neutral Radiation$\to$Compton Effect
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<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Tungsten</B></Primary></p>
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<p>74 ${}^w183$</p>
<p>$e^-$ in the Atomic orbi + 183 protons in the nucleur + 109 electrons in the nucleur</p>
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<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/Physics-Class-12-Unit-13-Chapter-04-The-Atomic-Nucleus-I-L-4_5-wuzasdl2ihk-10.jpg"></p>
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Atom$\to$Charge Quantization$\to$Evidence$\to$Electrically Neutral$\to$Periodic Table$\to$Atomic Nucleus$\to$Possibilities$\to$<span style="color:blue">Tungsten</span>$\to$Isotopes$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Elastic and Inelastic Scatterings$\to$Inelastic Scattering$\to$Experiment$\to$Experimental Results$\to$Radiation$\to$Neutral Radiation$\to$Compton Effect
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<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Isotopes</B></Primary></p>
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<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>
<p>Carbon (6) : 12, 13, 14</p>
<p>Hydrogen (1) 1, 2, 3</p>
<p>Polonium (84): 186-227 (33 isotopes)</p>
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<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/Physics-Class-12-Unit-13-Chapter-04-The-Atomic-Nucleus-I-L-4_5-wuzasdl2ihk-11.jpg"></p>
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Atom$\to$Charge Quantization$\to$Evidence$\to$Electrically Neutral$\to$Periodic Table$\to$Atomic Nucleus$\to$Possibilities$\to$Tungsten$\to$<span style="color:blue">Isotopes</span>$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Elastic and Inelastic Scatterings$\to$Inelastic Scattering$\to$Experiment$\to$Experimental Results$\to$Radiation$\to$Neutral Radiation$\to$Compton Effect
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<p>======</p>
<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Periodic Table</B></Primary></p>
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<p>Mass - Charge mismatch</p>
<p>Figure: Periodic table</p>
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Atom$\to$Charge Quantization$\to$Evidence$\to$Electrically Neutral$\to$<span style="color:blue">Periodic Table</span>$\to$Atomic Nucleus$\to$Possibilities$\to$Tungsten$\to$Isotopes$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Elastic and Inelastic Scatterings$\to$Inelastic Scattering$\to$Experiment$\to$Experimental Results$\to$Radiation$\to$Neutral Radiation$\to$Compton Effect
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<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Elastic and Inelastic Scatterings</B></Primary></p>
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<p>Total kinetic energy wise be conserved</p>
<p>Total momentum is conserved.</p>
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<img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/5cf96fc8-57fc-440b-5b0a-3cc7ae276800/public" width="100%">


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<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Inelastic Scattering</B></Primary></p>
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Atom$\to$Charge Quantization$\to$Evidence$\to$Electrically Neutral$\to$Periodic Table$\to$Atomic Nucleus$\to$Possibilities$\to$Tungsten$\to$Isotopes$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Elastic and Inelastic Scatterings$\to$<span style="color:blue">Inelastic Scattering</span>$\to$Experiment$\to$Experimental Results$\to$Radiation$\to$Neutral Radiation$\to$Compton Effect
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<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Experiment</B></Primary></p>
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<p><strong>Precursors</strong>: Joliot Curie and Marie Curie</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Bombard light element such as Boron and Beryllium with particles</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>$\alpha$ particles (were obtained from the radioactive decay of Polonium.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Energies:$\sim 5 \mathrm{MeV}$</p>
</li>
</ul>
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<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/Physics-Class-12-Unit-13-Chapter-04-The-Atomic-Nucleus-I-L-4_5-wuzasdl2ihk-14a.jpg"></p>
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Atom$\to$Charge Quantization$\to$Evidence$\to$Electrically Neutral$\to$Periodic Table$\to$Atomic Nucleus$\to$Possibilities$\to$Tungsten$\to$Isotopes$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Elastic and Inelastic Scatterings$\to$Inelastic Scattering$\to$<span style="color:blue">Experiment</span>$\to$Experimental Results$\to$Radiation$\to$Neutral Radiation$\to$Compton Effect
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<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Experiment</B></Primary></p>
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<p>200 $\rightarrow \alpha - particle$</p>
<p>4.5 MeV to $\frac {5.8 \sim 6}{MeV}$</p>
<p>Bombard hight atomas</p>
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Atom$\to$Charge Quantization$\to$Evidence$\to$Electrically Neutral$\to$Periodic Table$\to$Atomic Nucleus$\to$Possibilities$\to$Tungsten$\to$Isotopes$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Elastic and Inelastic Scatterings$\to$Inelastic Scattering$\to$<span style="color:blue">Experiment</span>$\to$Experimental Results$\to$Radiation$\to$Neutral Radiation$\to$Compton Effect
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<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Experimental Results</B></Primary></p>
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<ul>
<li>The bombarded gave rise to two kinds of species:-</li>
</ul>
<p>Protons and neutral radiation</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Neutral particles had great penetrating power (greater than X - Rays).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The neutral radiation could further eject electrons from a number of protons.</p>
</li>
</ul>
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<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Radiation</B></Primary></p>
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<p>Now radiation was observed.</p>
<p>Two components</p>
<p>-Changed -Neutral</p>
<p>Protons</p>
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Atom$\to$Charge Quantization$\to$Evidence$\to$Electrically Neutral$\to$Periodic Table$\to$Atomic Nucleus$\to$Possibilities$\to$Tungsten$\to$Isotopes$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Elastic and Inelastic Scatterings$\to$Inelastic Scattering$\to$Experiment$\to$Experimental Results$\to$<span style="color:blue">Radiation</span>$\to$Neutral Radiation$\to$Compton Effect
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<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Neutral Radiation</B></Primary></p>
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<ul>
<li>
<p>Curies: Photons (Compton scattering analogy)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Chadwick: They were new kind of particles with mass almost same as of protons (Energy Momentum conservation)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>$M_n \approx 1.15 M_p(10 % \text { error }) $</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>$M_n=1.001 M_p(\text { Current Value })$</p>
</li>
</ul>
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<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/Physics-Class-12-Unit-13-Chapter-04-The-Atomic-Nucleus-I-L-4_5-wuzasdl2ihk-18.jpg"></p>
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Atom$\to$Charge Quantization$\to$Evidence$\to$Electrically Neutral$\to$Periodic Table$\to$Atomic Nucleus$\to$Possibilities$\to$Tungsten$\to$Isotopes$\to$Experiments of Chadwick$\to$Elastic and Inelastic Scatterings$\to$Inelastic Scattering$\to$Experiment$\to$Experimental Results$\to$Radiation$\to$<span style="color:blue">Neutral Radiation</span>$\to$Compton Effect
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<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;" ><B>Atomic Nucleus</B></Success></p>
<p><Primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"><B>Compton Effect</B></Primary></p>
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<p>$ \varepsilon_\gamma=h \nu $</p>
<p>$ p_\gamma=\frac{h \nu}{c}$</p>
<p>Compton scattering is elastic scatering between photons & electrons</p>
<p>$\lambda^{\prime} \cdot \theta$</p>
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