physics-class-12-unit-12-chapter-08-rutherford-scattering-and-introduction-to-bohr-model-l-8-9-rbsdvxs7up8

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$  $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Rutherford Scattering and Introduction to Bohr Model </span> $\rightarrow$ Model of Atoms $\rightarrow$ Experimental Results </footer>

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- **Two major Contenders**

- Plum pudding model (Thompson)

- Planetary Moel (Rudherford)

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ Rutherford Scattering and Introduction to Bohr Model $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Model of Atoms </span> $\rightarrow$ Experimental Results $\rightarrow$ Rutherford Scattering </footer>

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- **Source :** ${ }^{214} _{83}Bi;$

- Energy of $\alpha$ particles 5.5 MeV

- **Taget :** A very thin gold foil $(2.1 \times 10^{-7}m)$

- **Detector :** Zinc sulphide (scintillation) + Microscope

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Rutherford Scattering and Introduction to Bohr Model $\rightarrow$ Model of Atoms $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Experimental Results </span> $\rightarrow$ Rutherford Scattering $\rightarrow$ Tiny Fraction of an Angstron </footer>

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+ve charge distribution

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Model of Atoms $\rightarrow$ Experimental Results $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Rutherford Scattering </span> $\rightarrow$ Tiny Fraction of an Angstron $\rightarrow$ Plum Pudding Model Predictions </footer>

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- $\frac{1}{r^2} \rightarrow$ Outside the sphere

- $\frac{1}{2}mv^2$

- $\frac{\theta_1 \theta_2}{4 \pi \epsilon_0}$

- $z \sim 100$

- 5.5 MeV

- Tiny fraction of an angstron

- $1A^o$

- $0.1A^o$

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Experimental Results $\rightarrow$ Rutherford Scattering $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Tiny Fraction of an Angstron </span> $\rightarrow$ Plum Pudding Model Predictions $\rightarrow$ Plum Pudding Model Predictions </footer>

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Rutherford Scattering $\rightarrow$ Tiny Fraction of an Angstron $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Plum Pudding Model Predictions </span> $\rightarrow$ Plum Pudding Model Predictions $\rightarrow$ Plum Pudding Model Predictions </footer>

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- Gravitation : $\frac{GMm}{r^2}$

- Coulomb : $\frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0} \frac{Q_1, Q_2}{r^2}$

- In an inverse square field : $F \sim \frac{1}{r^2}$

- Most general tranjectory is either

- (i) Ellipse $\rightarrow$ sphere

- Ellipse $\rightarrow$ st line

- (ii) Hyperbold $\rightarrow$ Parabola

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Tiny Fraction of an Angstron $\rightarrow$ Plum Pudding Model Predictions $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Plum Pudding Model Predictions </span> $\rightarrow$ Plum Pudding Model Predictions $\rightarrow$ Experimental Results </footer>

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Plum Pudding Model Predictions $\rightarrow$ Plum Pudding Model Predictions $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Plum Pudding Model Predictions </span> $\rightarrow$ Experimental Results $\rightarrow$ Plantery Model </footer>

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- The positive charge is distributed in a very small region in the atom

- $r_p \sim 10^{-4} r_{at}$

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Plum Pudding Model Predictions $\rightarrow$ Plum Pudding Model Predictions $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Experimental Results </span> $\rightarrow$ Plantery Model $\rightarrow$ Electromagnetic Theory </footer>

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- Electron

- Proton

- Neutron

- $A^o$

- $1 A^o =10^{-8} cm$

- $\simeq 10^{-10}m$

- $0.1 nm$

- $10^{-13}cm$

- $10^{-15}fm$

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Plum Pudding Model Predictions $\rightarrow$ Experimental Results $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Plantery Model </span> $\rightarrow$ Electromagnetic Theory $\rightarrow$ Atomic Structure </footer>

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- **Charge at rest**

- Electrostatic field

- $v \rightarrow$ No acceleration.

- $\vec{E}, \vec{B}$

* Electromagnetic wave

* Radiation

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Experimental Results $\rightarrow$ Plantery Model $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Electromagnetic Theory </span> $\rightarrow$ Atomic Structure $\rightarrow$ Stability Problems </footer>

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- $10^{-15}m$

- $\sim 10^{-9}$

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Plantery Model $\rightarrow$ Electromagnetic Theory $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Atomic Structure </span> $\rightarrow$ Stability Problems $\rightarrow$ Stability Problems </footer>

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Electromagnetic Theory $\rightarrow$ Atomic Structure $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Stability Problems </span> $\rightarrow$ Stability Problems $\rightarrow$ Spectral Problems </footer>

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Stability Problems $\rightarrow$ Stability Problems $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Spectral Problems </span> $\rightarrow$ Rydberg Constant $\rightarrow$ Rutherford Scattering </footer>

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- Ry $\rightarrow$ Rydberg Constant

- $Ry(\frac{1}{n_2^2} - \frac{1}{n_4^2})$

- $n_1, n_2$ are integers

- $n_1 = 1; n_2 = 2,3 ...$

- $n_2 = 2,3 ... \rightarrow$ integers

- $n_4 = 1; n_2 = 3,4....\rightarrow$ Balmer

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Stability Problems $\rightarrow$ Spectral Problems $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Rydberg Constant </span> $\rightarrow$ Rutherford Scattering $\rightarrow$ Collapsed into the Nucleus </footer>

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- 1) Atom is mostly empty.

- $10^{-15}m$

- $\sim 10^{-10}m$

- 2) This model is not in agreement with other observations.

- (a) Spectral of radiation are discrete

- (b) Atoms are all stale

- $10^{-9}s$ electrons model

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Spectral Problems $\rightarrow$ Rydberg Constant $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Rutherford Scattering </span> $\rightarrow$ Collapsed into the Nucleus $\rightarrow$ Bohr Model </footer>

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* Electrons do not collapse.

* There must be a lowest orbit which is stable.

- **Two Tasks at hand**

- (1) Understand discrete spectrum

- (2) Understand stability

- **Bohr Model**

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Rydberg Constant $\rightarrow$ Rutherford Scattering $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Collapsed into the Nucleus </span> $\rightarrow$ Bohr Model $\rightarrow$ Enunciate a Rule </footer>

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- Emission of Radiation by accelerating electrons are also governed by new physics.

* We need new principle

* Bohr model is Semi classical

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Collapsed into the Nucleus $\rightarrow$ Bohr Model $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Enunciate a Rule </span> $\rightarrow$ Thank You $\rightarrow$  </footer>