- In practice, all power is not transforred.
- 1. Flux linkage is not complete $\rightarrow$ self reactance
- (redyce it by tight coupling)
- 2. Resistance of windings - not zero
- $R_p, X_p$ : Resistance & reactance of primary
- $R_s, X_s$ : Secondary
- $Z_p = \sqrt {R_p^2 + X_p^2} : Z_s = \sqrt {R_s^2 + X_s^2} $
