physics-class-12-unit-05-chapter-01-diamagnetic-ferromagnetic-material-magnetic-field-of-earth-l-1-3-ethkhgxhzc8

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Diamagnetic Ferromagnetic Material Magnetic Field Of Earth L-1 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Diamagnetic Materials </primary>
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- No internsic magnetic moment.

- Dipole induced by the external magnetic field.

- According to lenz's law the induced magnetic moments are dielectric opposite 
- to the external magnetic field.

- Will be pushed from region of high magnetic field to smallar magnetic field in an homogeneous field.

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Diamagnetic Ferromagnetic Material Magnetic Field of Earth $\rightarrow$ Magnetic Materials $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Diamagnetic Materials </span> $\rightarrow$ Magnetization $\rightarrow$ Paramagnetic Materials </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Magnetization </primary>
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- Independent of Temperature

- Present in all materials

- Magnetization disappears when in external field to moments.

- $\overrightarrow{M} = \chi_{m}\overrightarrow{H}$

- $\overrightarrow{B} = \mu\overrightarrow{H} = \mu_{o}(1+\chi_{m})\overrightarrow{H}$

- $\left|\chi_m\right|  \ll 1 $

- $\chi_m  < 0$

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Magnetic Materials $\rightarrow$ Diamagnetic Materials $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Magnetization </span> $\rightarrow$ Paramagnetic Materials $\rightarrow$ Paramagnetic Materials </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Diamagnetic Ferromagnetic Material Magnetic Field Of Earth L-1 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Paramagnetic Materials </primary>
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- Atoms have a parmanent magnetic moments.

- Atoms with odd number of electrons have a net magnetic moment.

- In bulk matter, the individual dipoles are aligned randomly and hence we magnetization is zero.

- On applying an external magnetic field, that is a torque on the magnetic moment which leads to partial aligment of the moment.

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Diamagnetic Materials $\rightarrow$ Magnetization $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Paramagnetic Materials </span> $\rightarrow$ Paramagnetic Materials $\rightarrow$ Paramagnetic Materials </footer>

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- The material gets magnetized.

- Direction of magnetization is along the direction of the external field.

- Medium gets attracted towards stronger fields in an in homogeneous field.

- Magnetization depends on temperature, decreases with increasing T

- Pierre Curie (1859-1906)

- $x_m = c \frac {\mu_0}{T}$ : C: Curie constant

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Magnetization $\rightarrow$ Paramagnetic Materials $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Paramagnetic Materials </span> $\rightarrow$ Paramagnetic Materials $\rightarrow$ Ferromagnetic Materials </footer>

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### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Paramagnetic Materials </primary>
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- $\overrightarrow{M} = \chi_{m}\overrightarrow{H}$

- $ \left(x_{-1} \mid \ll 1\right) $

- $ x_m>0 $

- $ {\vec{B}}=\mu {\vec{H}}=\mu_0\left(1+x_m\right) \vec{H} $

- $ \mu \geqslant \mu_0$

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Paramagnetic Materials $\rightarrow$ Paramagnetic Materials $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Paramagnetic Materials </span> $\rightarrow$ Ferromagnetic Materials $\rightarrow$ Ferromagnetic Materials </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Diamagnetic Ferromagnetic Material Magnetic Field Of Earth L-1 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Ferromagnetic Materials </primary>
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- Atoms have an interesic magnetic dipole moments, primarly due to electron spin.

- Intersection between adjacent dipoles is very strong. (each angle interaction)

- Minimum energy when magnetising momemts are parallel to each other.

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Paramagnetic Materials $\rightarrow$ Paramagnetic Materials $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Ferromagnetic Materials </span> $\rightarrow$ Ferromagnetic Materials $\rightarrow$ Ferromagnetic Elements </footer>

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- Materials sub divides into regions called Domains, each spontenously magnetized to a high degree

- Domain volume $\sim 10^{-18}$ to $10^{-12} m^2$

- Large pieces of ferromagnetic material have many domains, smaller pieces can be single domain.

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Paramagnetic Materials $\rightarrow$ Ferromagnetic Materials $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Ferromagnetic Materials </span> $\rightarrow$ Ferromagnetic Elements $\rightarrow$ Hysteresis </footer>

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- Only Ferromagnetic elements are Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Gadolinium (Gd), and Dysprosium (Dy).

- Explanation of this behavior requires quantum mechanics.
 
- Curie temperature $T_c$

- $T>T_C \text { : Paramagnetic }$

- IRON: $T_C \sim 1043 \mathrm{K}$

- COBALT: $T_E \sim 1480 \mathrm{K}$

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Ferromagnetic Materials $\rightarrow$ Ferromagnetic Materials $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Ferromagnetic Elements </span> $\rightarrow$ Hysteresis $\rightarrow$ Hysteresis </footer>

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- Hysteresis loop: $\oint \vec{H} . \overrightarrow{d l} = I_{f_{enc}} $

- Toroid of radius R of ferromagnetic material

- $H 2 \pi R=N_t I $

- $H=\frac{N_t}{2 \pi R} I$

- Magnetic field magnetizes the piece of ferromagnetic material, it produces  its own magnetic field.

- B is linearly related to H, they are called linear media.

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Ferromagnetic Materials $\rightarrow$ Ferromagnetic Elements $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Hysteresis </span> $\rightarrow$ Hysteresis $\rightarrow$ Hysteresis </footer>

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- Value of $\vec{B}$ when $\vec{H}$ is reduces to zero.

- B field and H field are not in phase.

- Coercive Field: Value of reverse fields $\vec{H}$ requires to drive $\vec{B}$ is zero.
- $\mathrm{H}_{\mathrm{c}}$

- It is a characteristic of ferromagnetic materials.

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Ferromagnetic Elements $\rightarrow$ Hysteresis $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Hysteresis </span> $\rightarrow$ Hysteresis $\rightarrow$ Example </footer>

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- B field lacks the H field.

- As H field increases, the B ield increased, it got saturated, then as you start to decrease the H field, the B field decreases.

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Hysteresis $\rightarrow$ Hysteresis $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Hysteresis </span> $\rightarrow$ Example $\rightarrow$ Problem </footer>

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- Radius = 5 cm

- $N_t=100$

- $H=\frac{N_t I}{2 \pi R}$

- $I=0.3 A ;$

- $H=\frac{100 \times 0.3}{2 \pi \times 5 \times 15^2} \simeq 100 \mathrm{A} / \mathrm{m}$

- For axis coil

- $ B =\mu_0 H=4 \pi \times 10^{-7} \times 100 \\ =4 \pi \times 10^5 T$

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Hysteresis $\rightarrow$ Hysteresis $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Example </span> $\rightarrow$ Problem $\rightarrow$ Problem </footer>

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- $H  =100 \mathrm{A} / \mathrm{N} $

- $\mu^{\prime}  =10,000$

- $B =\mu H=\mu_0 \mu, \mathrm{H} = 4 \pi \times 10^{-7} \times 10^4 \times 100 = 1.2 \mathrm{~T}$

- For producing same B with axis coil

- $H=\frac{B}{\mu_0}=\frac{1.2}{4 \pi \times 10^{-7}}=\frac{N_0 I}{2 \pi R}$

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Hysteresis $\rightarrow$ Example $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Problem </span> $\rightarrow$ Problem $\rightarrow$ Ferromagnetic Material </footer>

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- H axis Ferromagnetic material

- The soft ferromagnetic materials are used in things like transformers or loudspeakers

- Three types of primary types of materials, diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic.

- Ferromagnetic materials are very strong magnetic properties.

- Diamagnetic have negative susceptibility.

- Paramagnetic have positive susceptibility.

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Problem $\rightarrow$ Problem $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Ferromagnetic Material </span> $\rightarrow$ Earth's Magnetic Field $\rightarrow$ Earth's Magnetic field </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Diamagnetic Ferromagnetic Material Magnetic Field Of Earth L-1 </Success>
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- Our earth is associated with the magnetic field.

- The center of the earth is the solid iron core.

- Convection current leads to movement of ions and generate currents and these currents lead to the generation of magnetic field.

- The current theory called the dynamo effect.

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Problem $\rightarrow$ Ferromagnetic Material $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Earth's Magnetic Field </span> $\rightarrow$ Earth's Magnetic field $\rightarrow$ Dip and Declination </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Diamagnetic Ferromagnetic Material Magnetic Field Of Earth L-1 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Earth's Magnetic field </primary>
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- Earth is spinning around an axis which is inclined to the vertical.

- Axis of rotation is inclined to about 23.5 degrees with respect to the perpendicular plane.

- The magnetic axis is slightly displaced with respect to the geographic axis by about 11.5 degrees. 
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Ferromagnetic Material $\rightarrow$ Earth's Magnetic Field $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Earth's Magnetic field </span> $\rightarrow$ Dip and Declination $\rightarrow$ Declination and Incination </footer>