physics-class-12-unit-01-chapter-02-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2-4-hpyaip37lvg

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2-success-1"><Success style="font-size:25px;"> Concept-Of-Charge-And-Coulomb-Law-Electric-Charges-Field L-2 </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24pxelectrostaticsprimary"><primary style="font-size:24px">Electrostatics</primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;text-align:left;font-size:30px;'>
<p><strong>Elektron : Amber</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Two kinds of charges</li>
<li>Benjamin Franklin</li>
<li>Negative & Positive</li>
<li>Negative charges repel negative charges</li>
<li>Positive charges also repel other positive charges</li>
<li>Positive charges attracts negative charges</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-01-chapter-02-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2_4-hpyaip37lvg-004.jpg">
<img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-01-chapter-02-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2_4-hpyaip37lvg-005.jpg"></p>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ Concept of Charge and Coulomb's Law $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Electrostatics </span> $\rightarrow$ Charge $\rightarrow$ Properties of Charges </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2-success-2"><Success style="font-size:25px;"> Concept-Of-Charge-And-Coulomb-Law-Electric-Charges-Field L-2 </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24px-chargeprimary"><primary style="font-size:24px"> Charge</primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;text-align:left;font-size:30px;'>
<ul>
<li>Fundamental attribute like mass</li>
<li>Gravitational force: always attractive</li>
<li>Nucleus ~ <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>15</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </math></li>
<li>Helium ~ <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>m</mi> </mstyle> </math></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-01-chapter-02-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2_4-hpyaip37lvg-007.jpg"></p>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> Concept of Charge and Coulomb's Law $\rightarrow$ Electrostatics $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Charge </span> $\rightarrow$ Properties of Charges $\rightarrow$ Charge on the Electron(e) </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2-success-3"><Success style="font-size:25px;"> Concept-Of-Charge-And-Coulomb-Law-Electric-Charges-Field L-2 </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24pxproperties-of-chargesprimary"><primary style="font-size:24px">Properties of Charges</primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;text-align:left;font-size:30px;'>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Conservation of charges</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Total charge (sum of +ve and -ve charges) in an isolated system: constant.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Quantization of charge</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Electric charge is always found in integral multiplies basic unit of charge ’e'.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-01-chapter-02-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2_4-hpyaip37lvg-008.jpg"></p>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> Electrostatics $\rightarrow$ Charge $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Properties of Charges </span> $\rightarrow$ Charge on the Electron(e) $\rightarrow$ Conductors & Insulators </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2-success-4"><Success style="font-size:25px;"> Concept-Of-Charge-And-Coulomb-Law-Electric-Charges-Field L-2 </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24pxcharge-on-the-electroneprimary"><primary style="font-size:24px">Charge on the Electron(e)</primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:50%;text-align:left;font-size:30px;'>
<ul>
<li>e: 1.6021766208x<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>19</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </math></li>
<li>C:Coulumb</li>
<li>e ~ 1.6x<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>19</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </math></li>
<li>Number of electron ~ 2.4x<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow>  <mn>24</mn> </mrow> </msup>  </mstyle> </math></li>
<li>1 sec : <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow>  <mn>19</mn> </mrow> </msup>  </mstyle> </math> electrons are crossing.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:50%; max-width:450px'>
<img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/907f036c-dbde-4318-6d1f-4f9bfcce1a00/public"  width="100%" >

</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> Charge $\rightarrow$ Properties of Charges $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Charge on the Electron(e) </span> $\rightarrow$ Conductors & Insulators $\rightarrow$ Insulator </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2-success-5"><Success style="font-size:25px;"> Concept-Of-Charge-And-Coulomb-Law-Electric-Charges-Field L-2 </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24pxconductors--insulatorsprimary"><primary style="font-size:24px">Conductors & Insulators</primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;text-align:left;font-size:30px;'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>electron: -1.6x<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>19</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </math></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>proton: +1.6x<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>19</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </math></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mstyle> </math> electron & <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mstyle> </math> proton</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Total Charge:(<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mstyle> </math>-<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mstyle> </math>)x1.6x<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>19</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </math></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Allow free flow of electrical current</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Electrons which are free & are able to move freely within the conductor</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Metals,have an body,each….</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Charge into the metal</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Distributed over the entire surface</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-01-chapter-02-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2_4-hpyaip37lvg-0010.jpg">
<img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-01-chapter-02-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2_4-hpyaip37lvg-0011.jpg"></p>
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<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> Properties of Charges $\rightarrow$ Charge on the Electron(e) $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Conductors & Insulators </span> $\rightarrow$ Insulator $\rightarrow$ Semiconductors </footer>

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<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24pxinsulatorprimary"><primary style="font-size:24px">Insulator</primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;text-align:left;font-size:30px;'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Do not have free electrons to move around the material</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>offer a high resistance to electrical current</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Example: glass, plastic, wood etc.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>when charge is put on an insulator, it stays at the same place</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-01-chapter-02-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2_4-hpyaip37lvg-0012.jpg"></p>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> Charge on the Electron(e) $\rightarrow$ Conductors & Insulators $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Insulator </span> $\rightarrow$ Semiconductors $\rightarrow$ Coulombs's Law </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2-success-7"><Success style="font-size:25px;"> Concept-Of-Charge-And-Coulomb-Law-Electric-Charges-Field L-2 </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24pxsemiconductorsprimary"><primary style="font-size:24px">Semiconductors</primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;text-align:left;font-size:30px;'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Resistance to electrical conduction is between conductor & insulators</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Silicon,Germanium etc.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Backbone of the electronics industry</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-01-chapter-02-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2_4-hpyaip37lvg-0013.jpg"></p>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> Conductors & Insulators $\rightarrow$ Insulator $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Semiconductors </span> $\rightarrow$ Coulombs's Law $\rightarrow$ Permittivity Constant </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2-success-8"><Success style="font-size:25px;"> Concept-Of-Charge-And-Coulomb-Law-Electric-Charges-Field L-2 </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24pxcoulombss-lawprimary"><primary style="font-size:24px">Coulombs’s Law</primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:50%;text-align:left;font-size:30px;'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Charles-Augustin de Coulomb 1784</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Force between two point charges</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>F ∝ <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mstyle> </math>  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mstyle> </math></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>∝ <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> </math></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>F=<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <mi>k</mi> <mrow> <mo>|</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo>|</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </math></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>k:Prorpotionality Constant</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:50%; max-width:450px'>
<img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/1a8c1e96-16b5-4969-fc1e-b081dfcd3200/public"  width="100%" >

</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> Insulator $\rightarrow$ Semiconductors $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Coulombs's Law  </span> $\rightarrow$ Permittivity Constant $\rightarrow$ Charge </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2-success-9"><Success style="font-size:25px;"> Concept-Of-Charge-And-Coulomb-Law-Electric-Charges-Field L-2 </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24pxpermittivity-constantprimary"><primary style="font-size:24px">Permittivity Constant</primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;text-align:left;font-size:30px;'>
<ul>
<li>k  =  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> </math></li>
<li><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mi>o</mi> </msub> </mstyle> </math>:Constant</li>
<li>Permittivity of free space</li>
<li>Defined exactly</li>
<li>k=<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>N</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <msup> <mi>s</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mstyle> </math></li>
<li>C: Velocity of light in free space</li>
<li>c=2.99792458x<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <mrow> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow>  <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msup></mstyle> </math> m/s</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-01-chapter-02-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2_4-hpyaip37lvg-0015.jpg"></p>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> Semiconductors $\rightarrow$ Coulombs's Law $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Permittivity Constant </span> $\rightarrow$ Charge $\rightarrow$ Force Between Two Charge </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2-success-10"><Success style="font-size:25px;"> Concept-Of-Charge-And-Coulomb-Law-Electric-Charges-Field L-2 </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24pxchargeprimary"><primary style="font-size:24px">Charge</primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;text-align:left;font-size:30px;'>
<ul>
<li>k≃<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <mn>8.988</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>9</mn> </msup> <mi>N</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> </math></li>
<li>≃<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <mn>9</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>9</mn> </msup> <mi>N</mi> <mo>.</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> <mrow> <msup> <mi>c</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> </math></li>
<li>Charge: constant</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-01-chapter-02-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2_4-hpyaip37lvg-0016.jpg"></p>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> Coulombs's Law $\rightarrow$ Permittivity Constant $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Charge </span> $\rightarrow$ Force Between Two Charge $\rightarrow$ Vaccum/Free Space </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2-success-11"><Success style="font-size:25px;"> Concept-Of-Charge-And-Coulomb-Law-Electric-Charges-Field L-2 </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24pxforce-between-two-chargeprimary"><primary style="font-size:24px">Force Between Two Charge</primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:50%;text-align:left;font-size:30px;'>
<ul>
<li>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msub> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> <mn>21</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mstyle> </math></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msub> <mover> <mi>F</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> <mn>21</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> <mrow> <mn>4</mn> <mi>π</mi> <msub> <mi>ε</mi> <mi>o</mi> </msub> </mrow> </mfrac> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <msub> <mi>q</mi> <mn>2</mn> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow> <msubsup> <mi>r</mi> <mn>21</mn> <mn>2</mn> </msubsup> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> <msub> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo>^</mo> </mover> <mn>21</mn> </msub> </mstyle> </math></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msub> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> <mn>21</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mfrac> <mrow> <msub> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> <mn>1</mn> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow> <mo>|</mo> <msub> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> <mn>2</mn> </msub> <mo>-</mo> <msub> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> <mn>1</mn> </msub> <mo>|</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mfrac> </mstyle> </math></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msub> <mi>r</mi> <mn>21</mn> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <mo>|</mo> <msub> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> </mover> <mn>21</mn> </msub> <mo>|</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </math></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:50%; max-width:450px'>
<img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/5dff1ee4-466a-4df6-a8cd-fbc216d29900/public"  width="100%" >

</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> Permittivity Constant $\rightarrow$ Charge $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Force Between Two Charge </span> $\rightarrow$ Vaccum/Free Space $\rightarrow$ α Particle </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2-success-12"><Success style="font-size:25px;"> Concept-Of-Charge-And-Coulomb-Law-Electric-Charges-Field L-2 </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24pxvaccumfree-spaceprimary"><primary style="font-size:24px">Vaccum/Free Space</primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:0%;text-align:left;font-size:30px;'>
</div>
<div style='float: center; width:100%; max-width:450px'>
<img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/f28c7a03-ce20-4e55-be64-2fc4baca6200/public"  width="70%" >

</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> Charge $\rightarrow$ Force Between Two Charge $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Vaccum/Free Space </span> $\rightarrow$ α Particle $\rightarrow$ Electrostatic Force </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2-success-13"><Success style="font-size:25px;"> Concept-Of-Charge-And-Coulomb-Law-Electric-Charges-Field L-2 </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24pxα-particleprimary"><primary style="font-size:24px">α Particle</primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;text-align:left;font-size:30px;'>
<ul>
<li>Charge : 2e = <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <mn>3.2</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>19</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>C</mi> </mstyle> </math></li>
<li>Mass : m ≃ <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <mn>6.64</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>27</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>kg</mi> </mstyle> </math></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-01-chapter-02-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2_4-hpyaip37lvg-0019.jpg"></p>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> Force Between Two Charge $\rightarrow$ Vaccum/Free Space $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> α Particle </span> $\rightarrow$ Electrostatic Force $\rightarrow$ Electrostatic Force </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2-success-14"><Success style="font-size:25px;"> Concept-Of-Charge-And-Coulomb-Law-Electric-Charges-Field L-2 </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24pxelectrostatic-forceprimary"><primary style="font-size:24px">Electrostatic Force</primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;text-align:left;font-size:30px;'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Electrostatic force $F_e=\frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0} \frac{q^2}{r^2}$     q: charge of α particle</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Gravitational force
$F_g=G \frac{m^2}{r^2}$</p>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>$\frac{F_e}{F_g}=\frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0 G} \frac{q^2}{m^2}$       m : mass of the α particle</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-01-chapter-02-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2_4-hpyaip37lvg-0020.jpg"></p>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> Vaccum/Free Space $\rightarrow$ α Particle $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Electrostatic Force </span> $\rightarrow$ Electrostatic Force $\rightarrow$ Excess Charge </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2-success-15"><Success style="font-size:25px;"> Concept-Of-Charge-And-Coulomb-Law-Electric-Charges-Field L-2 </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24pxelectrostatic-forceprimary-1"><primary style="font-size:24px">Electrostatic Force</primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;text-align:left;font-size:30px;'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>$\frac{F_e}{F_g}=\frac{9 \times 10^9\left(\mathrm{N}-\mathrm{m}^2 / \mathrm{c}^2\right)}{6.67 \times 10^{-11}\left(\mathrm{N}-\mathrm{m}^2 / \mathrm{h}_g^2\right)} \times \frac{\left(3.2 \times 10^{-19} \mathrm{c}\right)^2}{\left(6.64 \times 10^{-27} \mathrm{kg}\right)^2}$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>$\simeq 3.1 \times 10^{35}$ Astonishingly  large number</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-01-chapter-02-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2_4-hpyaip37lvg-0021.jpg"></p>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> α Particle $\rightarrow$ Electrostatic Force $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Electrostatic Force  </span> $\rightarrow$ Excess Charge $\rightarrow$ Copper </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2-success-16"><Success style="font-size:25px;"> Concept-Of-Charge-And-Coulomb-Law-Electric-Charges-Field L-2 </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24pxexcess-charge-primary"><primary style="font-size:24px">Excess Charge </primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:50%;text-align:left;font-size:30px;'>
<ul>
<li>Excess charge required to equal the gravitational attraction between two masses</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<p>$\ F_e=  \frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0} \frac{q^2}{r^2}$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>$F_g=  G \cdot \frac{m^2}{r^2}$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>$\frac{1}{4 \pi \epsilon_0} \frac{q^2}{r^2}=G \cdot \frac{m^2}{r^2}$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>$ q =\sqrt{4 \pi \epsilon_0 \mathrm{G}} \mathrm{m}$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>$=\left(\frac{6.67 \times 10^{-11}}{9 \times 10^9}\right)^{1 / 2} .1 \mathrm{kg}$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>$\simeq 8.6 \times 10^{-11} \mathrm{C}$</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>
<img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/06a0765e-3b4f-4a1c-a94d-13b3bcd8e800/public"  width="100%" >


</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> Electrostatic Force $\rightarrow$ Electrostatic Force $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Excess Charge </span> $\rightarrow$ Copper $\rightarrow$ Problem </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2-success-17"><Success style="font-size:25px;"> Concept-Of-Charge-And-Coulomb-Law-Electric-Charges-Field L-2 </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24pxcopperprimary"><primary style="font-size:24px">Copper</primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;text-align:left;font-size:30px;'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Atomic Number:29</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>1 kg of Cu contains: $9.4 \times 10^{24}$ atoms</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Each atom contains: 29 electrons</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Total number of electron in 1 kg of Cu: $2.7 \times 10^{26}$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Total electron charge: $\approx \frac{4.3 \times 10^7 \mathrm{c}}{}$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>% of excess charge required:$ \frac{8.6 \times 10^{-11} \times 100}{4.3 \times 10^7} \sim 2 \times 10^{-16}$</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-01-chapter-02-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2_4-hpyaip37lvg-0024.jpg"></p>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> Electrostatic Force $\rightarrow$ Excess Charge $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Copper </span> $\rightarrow$ Problem $\rightarrow$ Thankyou </footer>

<h3 id="success-stylefont-size25px-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2-success-18"><Success style="font-size:25px;"> Concept-Of-Charge-And-Coulomb-Law-Electric-Charges-Field L-2 </Success></h3>
<h3 id="primary-stylefont-size24pxproblemprimary"><primary style="font-size:24px">Problem</primary></h3>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;text-align:left;font-size:30px;'>
<ul>
<li>Consider two point charge
$q_1=0.5 \mu c$ and $q_2=1 \mu c$
placed at a separation of 10cm. If the charge $q_2 $ is increased to $4 \mu c$, where should the charge $q_2$ be placed so than the force on $q_1$ is same as before?
$
\left(1 \mu c=10^{-6} \mathrm{c}\right)
$</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/physics-class-12-unit-01-chapter-02-concept-of-charge-and-coulomb-law-electric-charges-field-l-2_4-hpyaip37lvg-0025.jpg"></p>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Excess Charge $\rightarrow$ Copper $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Problem </span> $\rightarrow$ Thankyou $\rightarrow$  </footer>