### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Physical World L-2 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Physical World </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left; font-size:30px;'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Physical World </span> $\rightarrow$ Science $\rightarrow$ Science </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Physical World L-2 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Science </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left; font-size:30px;'> - <span style="color:green">Science</span> → <span style="color:blue">Attempt to understand natural phenomenon, predict, modify and Control the phenomenon.</span> * Experimentation * Exploration * Prediction * Modification * Control </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ Physical World $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Science </span> $\rightarrow$ Science $\rightarrow$ Theory of Planetary Motion </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Physical World L-2 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Science </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; font-size:30px;text-align:left'> - In order to achieve all these, we use,. * Observation. * Reasoning. * Mathematical modeling formulation of laws. * Scientific theory. - <span style="color:blue">Science is dynamic theories can be refined and made more accurate.</span> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>    </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Physical World $\rightarrow$ Science $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Science </span> $\rightarrow$ Theory of Planetary Motion $\rightarrow$ Theory of Planetary Motion </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Physical World L-2 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Theory of Planetary Motion </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left; font-size:30px;'> - In 1500's, Copernicus came up with the theory of planetary motion. - The sun was at the centre and planets travelled around in circular orbits. - Late 1500's, Tycho Brahe make some observations, he studies planetary motion and collected data. </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Science $\rightarrow$ Science $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Theory of Planetary Motion </span> $\rightarrow$ Theory of Planetary Motion $\rightarrow$ Physics </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Physical World L-2 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Theory of Planetary Motion </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left; font-size:30px;'> - Kepler (1600's) examined data and refined Copernicus model and states that planets moved around the sun in elliptic orbits. - Classical mechanics are based on Newton's laws, was extended by Euler for rigid bodies. - Classical mechanics was unable to explain atomic motion, leds to the development of quantum mechanics. </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>   </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Science $\rightarrow$ Theory of Planetary Motion $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Theory of Planetary Motion </span> $\rightarrow$ Physics $\rightarrow$ Classical Physics - Macroscopic </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Physical World L-2 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Physics </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left; font-size:30px;'> - Study of physical world and Basic laws of nature. - <span style="color:blue">There are two domains in physics:</span> - Macroscopic - Large scale. - Microscopic - Small scale (atomic, molecular, nuclear). </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Theory of Planetary Motion $\rightarrow$ Theory of Planetary Motion $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Physics </span> $\rightarrow$ Classical Physics - Macroscopic $\rightarrow$ Electrodynamics </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Physical World L-2 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Classical Physics - Macroscopic </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align:left; font-size:30px;'> * Mechanics - Motion of particles, rigid or deformable bodies. * Electrodynamics - Electric and magnetic phenomenon, charge and magnetic field. * Theory of electrodynamics mainly has been developed by: Coulomb, Oersted, Ampere, Faraday, and Maxwell. </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Theory of Planetary Motion $\rightarrow$ Physics $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Classical Physics - Macroscopic </span> $\rightarrow$ Electrodynamics $\rightarrow$ Optics and Thermodynamics </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Physical World L-2 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Electrodynamics </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left; font-size:30px;'> * Motion of current carrying conductor in a magnetic field. * Response of a current to an AC Voltage. * Working of antenna. </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Physics $\rightarrow$ Classical Physics - Macroscopic $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Electrodynamics </span> $\rightarrow$ Optics and Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Quantum Mechanics </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Physical World L-2 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Optics and Thermodynamics </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left; font-size:30px;'> - **Optics-** Phenomena involving light. - **Thermodynamics -** - Systems in macroscopic equilibrium. - Changes in internal energy, temperature of a system through work and transfer of heat. </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Classical Physics - Macroscopic $\rightarrow$ Electrodynamics $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Optics and Thermodynamics </span> $\rightarrow$ Quantum Mechanics $\rightarrow$ Scale </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Physical World L-2 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Quantum Mechanics </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left; font-size:30px;'> - The microscopic study under the realm of quantum mechanics. - The range of physical quantities which we study in physics are enormous. * Mass. * Time . * Length. </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Electrodynamics $\rightarrow$ Optics and Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Quantum Mechanics </span> $\rightarrow$ Scale $\rightarrow$ Fundamental Forces </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Physical World L-2 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Scale </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left; font-size:30px;'> - **Length Scales** <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <mo>→</mo> </mstyle> </math> smallest length <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>15</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </math> m nuclear scale - **Large Scale**<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <mo>→</mo> </mstyle> </math> smallest length <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>15</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </math> astronomical scale - Universe <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>26</mn> </msup> </mstyle> </math> m - **Time scale** <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>22</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mi>sec</mi> <mo></mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </math> to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mn>18</mn> </msup> <mrow> <mi>sec</mi> <mo></mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </math> - **Mass** <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>30</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>k</mi> <mi>g</mi> </mstyle> </math> (electron) to <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>55</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>k</mi> <mi>g</mi> </mstyle> </math> (universe) </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Optics and Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Quantum Mechanics $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Scale </span> $\rightarrow$ Fundamental Forces $\rightarrow$ Fundamental Forces </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Physical World L-2 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Fundamental Forces </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left; font-size:30px;'> - **1.Gravitational force:** mutual attraction between 2 bodies by virtue of their masses. - **2.Electromagnetic force:** Force between charged particles. - If charges are at rest<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mstyle displaystyle="true"><mo>→</mo></mstyle></math>Coulomb's Law. - Can be attractive or repulsive chargee in motion produce magnetic field and vice versa a maprete filed gives rise to force on a moving charge. - Act at a distance Electromagnetism forces dominate phenomenon at atomic and molecular scaba. - Given laws of atoms and Molecule. </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Quantum Mechanics $\rightarrow$ Scale $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Fundamental Forces </span> $\rightarrow$ Fundamental Forces $\rightarrow$ Relative Strengths </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Physical World L-2 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Fundamental Forces </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> - **3.Strong Nuclear Forces-** - Bind protons and neutrons in a nucleus. Without strong nuclear forcess, the nucleus which consists of the charged protons and natural neutrons world disintegrate. - Range of operation of nuclear forces is very small $\sim 10^{-15}$ - **4.Weak nuclear forces-** - Appear in certain nuclear processes<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <mi>β</mi> </mstyle> </math>decay of nucleus<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <mo>→</mo> </mstyle> </math> Nucleus emits an electron and an uncharged particle neutrino. - Stronger than gravitational forces but much weaker than strong nuclear forces. </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <!--        --> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Scale $\rightarrow$ Fundamental Forces $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Fundamental Forces </span> $\rightarrow$ Relative Strengths $\rightarrow$ Conservation Laws </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Physical World L-2 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Relative Strengths </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> - Strongest:   Strong Nuclear force   1 - Electromagnetic forces  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </math> - Weak Nuclear forces   <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>13</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </math> - Gravitational   <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow> <mo>-</mo> <mn>39</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </math> - <span style="color:green">**Unification of Forces**</span> - a)   Newton:  Celestial and terrestrial mechanics governed by some force. - b)   Maxwell:  Unified Electricity Magnetism and Optics. - c)   Salam, Glashow:  Unification of weak nuclear forces are seen as same aspect of a single electro-weak force. </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <!--        --> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Fundamental Forces $\rightarrow$ Fundamental Forces $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Relative Strengths </span> $\rightarrow$ Conservation Laws $\rightarrow$ System and Surroundings </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Physical World L-2 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Conservation Laws </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> - <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <mo>→</mo> </mstyle> </math>  Mass - <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <mo>→</mo> </mstyle> </math>  Energy - <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <mo>→</mo> </mstyle> </math>  Linear Momentum - <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <mo>→</mo> </mstyle> </math>  Angular Momentum </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <!--        --> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Fundamental Forces $\rightarrow$ Relative Strengths $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Conservation Laws </span> $\rightarrow$ System and Surroundings $\rightarrow$ Thank You </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Physical World L-2 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> System and Surroundings </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%; text-align: left; font-size:30px;'> - Our study of science today often concentrates on the system. - System cannot exist without surroundings. - We isolate the system, the effect of the surroundings are put in as some sort of a model. </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Relative Strengths $\rightarrow$ Conservation Laws $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> System and Surroundings </span> $\rightarrow$ Thank You $\rightarrow$ </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Physical World L-2 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Thank You </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Conservation Laws $\rightarrow$ System and Surroundings $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Thank You </span> $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$ </footer>