<h3 id="successchemistry-in-everyday-life-success"><Success>Chemistry in everyday life </Success></h3> <h3 id="successpart--2success"><Success>Part- 2</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:99%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> </div>

### <Success>Recap</Success> <div style='float: left; width:99%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <h4 id="previous-lecture">Previous lecture</h4> <ul> <li>Drugs vs Medicines</li> <li>Classification of drugs</li> <li>Naming of drugs</li> <li>Drug selectivity in body</li> <li>Naturally occurring drugs</li> <li>Finding of a lead compound</li> <li>Molecular modification</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-16-chapter-02-chemistryin-everyday-life-l-2_3-2h9ihxfher8-011-0040.8.jpg"></p> </div>

### <Success>Lecture plan</Success> <div style='float: left; width:99%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Types of drug action</li> <li>Biological response of drugs</li> <li>Information of drug targets</li> <li>Enzyme and Receptor</li> <li>Drug-Receptor interaction study</li> <li>Classification of proteins</li> <li>Drug-Protein interaction study</li> <li>Intermolecular binding forces</li> <li>Details study of drug binding</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-16-chapter-02-chemistryin-everyday-life-l-2_3-2h9ihxfher8-013-0080.4.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="success-drugsuccess"><Success> Drug</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:0%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> </div> <div style='float: center; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/b0a2b4f9-0d83-4330-bcf7-96a9c065a900/public" width="70%" > <!----> </div>

<h3 id="successtypes-of-drug-actionsuccess"><Success>Types of drug action</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:0%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/ea9deee3-d074-421d-affc-eeb2c1877200/public" width="60%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success>Information of drug</Success> <div style='float: left; width:99%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Drugs are chemicals of low molecular masses (~ 100 - $500 u)$</li> <li>Drugs interact with macromolecular targets and produce a biological response</li> </ul> <p><strong>What…???</strong></p> <ul> <li>Target</li> <li>Biological response</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <!--<img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/81275007-79c6-4455-78e7-b0efb377b800/public" width="30%" >--> <!----> </div>

### <Success>Biological response</Success> <div style='float: left; width:99%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Any behaviour of a living organism that results from an external or internal stimulus</li> </ul> <p><strong>Biological response</strong></p> <ul> <li>Effect</li> <li>Action</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-16-chapter-02-chemistryin-everyday-life-l-2_3-2h9ihxfher8-021-0247.2.jpg"></p> </div>

### <Success>Drug action vs effect</Success> <div style='float: left; width:99%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Action = How the drug works usually by enhancing or inhibiting cell function</li> <li>Effect = Consequence of drug action on body</li> </ul> <p><strong>Example: Aspirin</strong></p> <ul> <li>Action $\longrightarrow$ block prostaglandin synthesis</li> <li>Effect $\longrightarrow$ analgesia & antipyresis</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-16-chapter-02-chemistryin-everyday-life-l-2_3-2h9ihxfher8-022-0285.6.jpg"></p> </div>

### <Success>Information of drug target</Success> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>A Drug target is anything within a living organism to which drug is directed and/or binds, resulting in a change in its behaviour or function</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/b4a2ee03-3d36-43af-9b42-f7140f711a00/public" width="40%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success>Information of drug target</Success> <div style='float: left; width:99%;font-size:25px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>1.Protein</strong></p> <ul> <li>Enzymes</li> <li>Receptors</li> <li>Transportersvv</li> <li>Ion channels</li> <li>Cytoskeletal proteins</li> </ul> <p><strong>2.DNA</strong></p> <p><strong>3.RNA</strong></p> <p><strong>4.Lipid membranes</strong></p> <p><strong>5.Miscellaneous</strong></p> <ul> <li>Physiochemical substrates</li> <li>Metabolites</li> <li>Bone matrix</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-16-chapter-02-chemistryin-everyday-life-l-2_3-2h9ihxfher8-029-0529.2.jpg"></p> </div>

### <Success>Information of human drug target</Success> <div style='float: left; width:0%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/873dbc76-9cf8-454c-3fa2-947835cd3400/public" width="60%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success>Drug action targets</Success> <div style='float: left; width:99%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <ul> <li>Ion channel</li> <li>Enzyme</li> <li>Transporter</li> <li>Receptor</li> </ul> <ul> <li>The main focus of lecture is on enzyme and receptor</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-16-chapter-02-chemistryin-everyday-life-l-2_3-2h9ihxfher8-032-0704.4.jpg"></p> </div>

### <Success>Enzyme</Success> <div style='float: left; width:50%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <h4 id="how-enzyme-works">How enzyme works…???</h4> <p><strong>Lock Key/Induced Fit Hypothesis</strong></p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/bde38261-670a-496a-2816-11510cfbc000/public" width="50%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success>How receptor works</Success> <div style='float: left; width:50%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <ul> <li>A cells connection with Its neighbors</li> <li>Imagine all heart cells contracting at different times</li> <li>Every cellular action is guided by nerve cells….which don’t exactly reach cells</li> </ul> <p><strong>So what transmits the signal</strong></p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/8fe4a83a-5d37-4100-d729-5343509d0200/public" width="60%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success>Binding of receptor</Success> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Unlike an enzyme it doesn’t undergo a reaction sends a message</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/78a18699-290f-4642-14ec-c02915dfb300/public" width="60%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success>Drug receptor interaction</Success> <div style='float: left; width:99%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <p><strong>Question</strong> Why is a receptor required ?</p> <p>Binding changes shope of a receptor and bring changes through</p> <p>(i) Ion Channels</p> <p>(ii) Membrane-bound enzymes</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-16-chapter-02-chemistryin-everyday-life-l-2_3-2h9ihxfher8-047-1261.2.jpg"></p> </div>

### <Success>Ion channels</Success> <div style='float: left; width:50%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <p>So what controls the gate</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/645e14bb-9eea-469d-d3d2-b0c586647600/public" width="40%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success>Ion channels</Success> <div style='float: left; width:50%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <ul> <li>Induced fit and Opening of ion channel</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/2e12ff5a-1cf3-4f8c-3e36-970f031fa100/public" width="40%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success>Drug</Success> <div style='float: left; width:0%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/b33a12bb-336a-4a6a-1e6f-f3e6d21ac200/public" width="40%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success>Primary structure</Success> <div style='float: left; width:0%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/2f408fe9-1004-47a0-00d6-ecb08ad90a00/public" width="40%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success>Secondary structure</Success> <div style='float: left; width:0%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/a76eaa31-f404-45ea-3501-6ea7522cd100/public" width="60%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success>Tertiary structure</Success> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Question</strong> What kind of forces involved in complex protein structure?</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/6da63285-9505-4f52-148f-822d85a0c100/public" width="60%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success>Tertiary structure</Success> <div style='float: left; width:0%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/ba165863-a3a1-442a-8a95-6f930e0e0800/public" width="50%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success>Quaternary structure</Success> <div style='float: left; width:0%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/c607a344-594f-4b9e-55e1-941bee666600/public" width="60%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success>Drug-protein interactions</Success> <div style='float: left; width:99%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Targets are large molecules - macromolecules</li> <li>Drugs interact with their targets by binding to binding sites</li> <li>Binding sites are typically hydrophobic pockets on the surface of macromolecules</li> <li>Binding interactions typically involve intermolecular bonds</li> <li>Binding groups are the functional groups on the drug which involved in binding interactions</li> <li>Binding regions are the specific regions within the binding site that are involved in binding interactions</li> <li>Most drugs are in equilibrium between being bound and unbound to their target</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-16-chapter-02-chemistryin-everyday-life-l-2_3-2h9ihxfher8-065-1645.2.jpg"></p> </div>

### <Success>Intermolecular bonding forces</Success> <div style='float: left; width:50%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <ul> <li>Electrostatic or ionic bonds</li> <li>Hydrogen Bonds</li> <li>Van der Waals interactions</li> <li>Dipole Dipole interactions</li> <li>Ion-dipole interactions</li> <li>Induced dipole interactions</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <!----> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/59f88fb8-c635-471a-056a-af0a65fd1900/public" width="60%" > </div>

<h3 id="successelectrostatic-or-ionic-forcessuccess"><Success>Electrostatic or ionic forces</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:50%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <ul> <li>Strongest of the intermolecular bonds (20-40 $\left.\mathrm{kJ} \mathrm{mol}^{-1}\right)$</li> <li>Takes place between groups of opposite charge</li> <li>The strength of the ionic interaction is inversely proportional to the distance between the two charged groups</li> <li>Stronger interactions occur in hydrophobic environments</li> <li>Ionic bonds are the most important initial interactions as a drug enters the binding site</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <!----> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/b0b61746-3f46-4c46-6564-7f9c9b421200/public" width="100%" > </div>

### <Success>Hydrogen bonding</Success> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:26px;text-align:left;'> <h4 id="vary-in-strength">Vary in strength</h4> <ul> <li>Weaker than electrostatic interactions but stronger than van der Waals interactions</li> <li>A hydrogen bond takes place between an electron deficient hydrogen and an electron rich heteroatom ( $\mathrm{N}$ or $\mathrm{O}$ )</li> <li>The electron deficient hydrogen is usually attached to a heteroatom ( $\mathrm{O}$ or $\mathrm{N}$ )</li> <li>The electron deficient hydrogen is called a hydrogen bond donor</li> <li>The electron rich heteroatom is called a hydrogen bond acceptor</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/187cae34-b75a-410c-c6ad-279482be6900/public" width="100%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success>Van der waals interactions</Success> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Very weak interactions $(2-4 kJ \quad mol^{-1})$</li> <li>Occur between hydrophobic regions of the drug and the target</li> <li>Transient areas of high and low electron densities cause</li> <li>Temporary dipoles</li> <li>Interactions drop off rapidly with distance</li> <li>Drug must be close to the binding region for interactions to occur</li> <li>The overall contribution of van der Waals interactions can be crucial to binding</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/58e196db-7011-40ec-6899-d128066a4d00/public" width="100%" > <!----> </div>

<h3 id="success-dipole-dipole-interactions-success"><Success> Dipole dipole interactions </Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Can occur if the drug and the binding site have dipole moments</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/e7fd6a15-3569-4c73-355d-420825c31b00/public" width="100%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success>Drug binding to the target</Success> <div style='float: left; width:0%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/4fa4a13f-a9f1-4a73-71a4-925015e00300/public" width="100%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success>Lets explore the active site</Success> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><img alt="alt text" src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/e7e077ee-3202-48a3-2276-cb3f7fdae100/public"></p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <p><img alt="alt text" src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/aa394572-5740-4e28-78ef-036610d54c00/public"></p> <!----> </div>

### <Success>Active site of an enzyme</Success> <div style='float: left; width:0%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/a3f34d40-d13c-459d-ee84-e216f2afe400/public" width="50%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success>Substrate binding</Success> <div style='float: left; width:40%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <h4 id="an-example">An Example</h4> </div> <div style='float: right; width:60%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/f5fd5575-245d-476a-4626-54f44460f500/public" width="50%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success>Binding forces in an enzyme</Success> <div style='float: left; width:50%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <h4 id="case-study">Case study</h4> <ul> <li>Predict residues</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/10b90c46-2581-45c7-6820-b3f86448ef00/public" width="50%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success>Binding forces in an enzyme</Success> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <h4 id="case-study-1">Case study</h4> <ul> <li>Fits the bill</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/e8438205-a27b-407a-520c-214912114100/public" width="50%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success>Effect on receptor</Success> <div style='float: left; width:99%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <ul> <li>Becomes overheated $\rightarrow$ too many messengers</li> <li>Becomes sluggish $\rightarrow$ less messengers</li> </ul> <p><strong>So a drug can act as</strong></p> <ul> <li>Antagonists</li> <li>Agonists</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-16-chapter-02-chemistryin-everyday-life-l-2_3-2h9ihxfher8-087-2647.2.jpg"></p> </div>

### <Success>Agonist vs Antagonist</Success> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>An agonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response</li> <li>An antagonist is a substance that binds to a receptor but does not activate and can block the activity of other agonists</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/979b77ad-5e51-49e3-f510-74c1eccb2600/public" width="50%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success>Effect on enzyme</Success> <div style='float: left; width:50%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <p>$\checkmark$ Competitive Inhibition</p> <p>$\checkmark$ Non-Competitive Inhibition</p> <p>$\checkmark$ Allosteric Inhibition</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/454761f1-b637-4e06-bba7-99dd5cdda700/public" width="40%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success>Competitive inhibitor</Success> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>The forces to bind the substrate should be</strong></p> <p>(i) Strong enough to effect binding</p> <p>(ii) Weak enough to let the product off the hook</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/194f40bf-5fbb-42c7-4965-0a3dc15dc700/public" width="500%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success>Competitive inhibitor</Success> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Competitive inhibitor can be displaced by increasing the concentration of natural substrate</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/83e6858b-6fa5-4865-34eb-42e150aec100/public" width="500%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success>Non-Competitive inhibitor</Success> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Non-competitive inhibitor is also called irreversible inhibitor</strong></p> <p>e.g.</p> <p>$\checkmark$ Nerve gas for humans</p> <p>$\checkmark$ Penicillin for bacteria</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/5de88088-74e2-4043-5d27-870bb7347800/public" width="60%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success>Non-competitive reversible inhibitor</Success> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p>Non-competitive reversible inhibitor is also called allosteric inhibitor</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/842bd458-ee17-4857-4af3-ad224f11d600/public" width="50%" > <!----> </div>

### <Success> Next lecture plan</Success> <div style='float: left; width:50%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <h4 id="topics">Topics</h4> <ul> <li>Medicinal applications of drugs</li> <li>Antibiotics</li> <li>Antacids</li> <li>Analgesics</li> <li>Antipsychotic</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <!----> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/35092426-ed61-4482-965c-79ebe6441200/public" width="50%" > </div>

<h3 id="successthank-you-success"><Success>Thank you </Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:99%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <!----> </div>