chemistry-class-12-unit-16-chapter-01-chemistryin-everyday-life-l-1-3-6tj7dcytvai

<h3 id="successclassification-of-drugssuccess-1"><Success>Classification of drugs</Success></h3>
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<ol>
<li>Pharmacological Effect</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Give information about a particular type of problem</li>
<li>Useful for doctors because it provides the whole range of drugs available</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Example</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Analgesics have pain killing effect</li>
<li>Antiseptics kill or arrest the growth of microorganisms</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Limitation</strong>: two different drugs can bind to same binding site</p>
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### <Success>Classification of drugs</Success>
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<ol start="2">
<li>Chemical Structure</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Use to have similar structural features.</li>
<li>Most of the time having similar pharmacological activity.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Example</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Suphonamdies have common structural features.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Limitation</strong>: Two similar molecules can have different action, e.g. steroids.</p>
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### <Success>Classification of drugs</Success>
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<ol start="3">
<li>Drug Target</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Based on the action of drug  on a particular biochemical process.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Example</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Histamine causes inflammation in the body to inhibit that antihistamines are used which use to block their action.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Limitation</strong>: Two similar targets can have different therapeutic impact, e.g. antihistamines.</p>
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### <Success>Classification of drugs</Success>
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<li>Site of Action</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Drug targets are mainly biomolecules.</li>
<li>The targets are commonly carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.</li>
<li>Drugs having similar structural features may have the same mechanism for the medicinal chemist.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Example</strong></p>
<p>Cox-2 inhibitors as anti-inflammatory.</p>
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<h3 id="successnaming-of-drugssuccess"><Success>Naming of drugs</Success></h3>
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<ul>
<li>Most often chemists use the chemical name which explain the structure of the compound</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Problem</strong> - Complicated and too long for the physicians or the general public</p>
<p><strong>Solution</strong> - Use of proprietary / trade / brand name</p>
<p><strong>General information</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Drug manufacturers are permitted to patent and retain exclusive rights to the drugs they develop</li>
<li>A patent is valid for 20 years</li>
<li>Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval is needed in above all cases</li>
</ul>
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### <Success>Naming of drugs</Success>
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<p><strong>General information</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Each drug is also given a generic name that any pharmaceutical company can use to identify the product</li>
<li>The pharmaceutical company that develops a drug is allowed to choose the gentic name from a list of 10 names provided by an independent group</li>
<li>It is the best interest of the company to choose the generic name that is hardest to pronounce and the least likely to be remembered.</li>
<li><strong>Reason</strong>: physicians and consumers will continue to use the familiar proprietary name.</li>
<li>Proprietary names must always be capitalized, whereas generic names are not capitalized.</li>
<li><strong>Example</strong>: Lopressor a brand name for metoprolol, a beta blocker.</li>
</ul>
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### <Success>Terminology used in drug chemistry</Success>
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<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Pharmacokinetics:</strong> Journey of a drug through human body</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Half life of Drug $\left(t_{1 / 2}\right)$</strong> : Time required for the concentration or amount of drug in the body to be reduced by one-half</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>A drug’s plasma half-life depends on how quickly the drug is eliminated from the plasma</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Pharmacophore:</strong> a part of a molecular structure that is responsible for a particular biological or pharmacological interaction that it undergoes</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Target</strong>: An entity which is responsible for a pathological condition</p>
</li>
</ul>
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### <Success>After molecular modification</Success>
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<p><strong>Finding</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>The portion of the molecule that carries the local anesthetic activity</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Benefits</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Act as a drug without the damaging CNS effects</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Outcome</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>This knowledge gave an improved lead compound- an ester of benzoic acid</li>
<li>The alcohol component of the ester having a terminal tertiary amino group</li>
</ul>
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### <Success>Post modification</Success>
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<p><strong>Modified sites</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Hundreds of esters were then synthesized, resulting in esters with substituents on the aromatic ring</li>
<li>Esters with the alkyl groups bonded to the nitrogen</li>
<li>Esters with the length of the connecting alkyl modified</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Result</strong>: Successful anesthetics obtained through molecular modification</p>
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### <Success>Morphine: the modified story</Success>
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<p><strong>Morphine vs Methadone</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>It was not recognized until 10 years, later on methadone and morphine have similar shapes and building block</li>
<li>In contrast to morphine, methadone can be administered orally</li>
<li>Methadone has a considerably longer half-life (24-26 hours) than morphine $(2-4$ hours)</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Methadone against Heroin</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Consequently, methadone is used to treat chronic pain and the withdrawal symptoms of heroin addicts</li>
</ul>
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### <Success>Mathadone: the modified story</Success>
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<p><strong>$\alpha$ - acetylmethadol</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Reducing the carbonyl group of methadone and acetylating it forms $\alpha$ - acetylmethadol</li>
</ul>
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<p><img alt="alt text" src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/6cb62963-d14a-4e4c-30b2-6222ce6df800/public"></p>

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