<h3 id="successpolymers-lecture-1success"><Success>Polymers (Lecture 1)</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <!---->

### <Success>Questions</Success> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>Q.(1)</strong> What are polymers?</p> <p><strong>Q.(2)</strong> Why should you study?</p> <p><strong>Q.(3)</strong> What are different types polymers?</p> <p><strong>Q.(4)</strong> How these polymers are prepared?</p> <p><strong>Q.(5)</strong> Some common examples of polymers and their applications?</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-15-chapter-01-polymers-l-1_4-rcd73leit1y-028-0148.8.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successtypes-of-polymerssuccess"><Success>Types of Polymers</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:25px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Monomer styrene $\rightarrow$ Polystyrene (Polymer)</li> <li>${C}_6 {H}_5 {CH}={CH}_2$ $\rightarrow$ ${C}_6 {H}_5 [{-CH}-{CH-}]_n$</li> <li>Polymer molar mass:1000 - 10 lacks g/mol</li> <li>10-1000 no. of repeat units</li> </ul> <image src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/5fd020e5-9d78-4fad-e831-65eafb57dd00/public" width="40%"> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-15-chapter-01-polymers-l-1_4-rcd73leit1y-2.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successpolyethylenesuccess"><Success>Polyethylene</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li> <p>$\mathrm{CH}_2=\mathrm{CH}_2 {\text { (ethylene) }} \longrightarrow [\mathrm{CH}_2-\mathrm{CH}_2] \mathrm{_n}{\text { (Polyethylene) }} $</p> </li> <li> <p>Poly(ethylene terephthalate) : PET</p> </li> </ul> <!--* $n \mathrm{HO}-\mathrm{CH}_2-\mathrm{CH}_2-\mathrm{OH} {\text{(ethylene glycol)}} + { }n \mathrm{HOOC}-\mathrm{COOH}{\text{(terephthalic acid )}}$--> <image src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/3443d681-7a8d-4492-63f6-04f279974d00/public" width="100%"> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-15-chapter-01-polymers-l-1_4-rcd73leit1y-3.jpg"></p> </div>

### <Success>Question</Success> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <h4 id="q-why-should-we-study-polymers-">Q. Why should we study polymers ?</h4> <ul> <li>Stone Age</li> <li>Bronze Age</li> <li>Iron Age</li> <li>Polymers Age / Plastic Age</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-15-chapter-01-polymers-l-1_4-rcd73leit1y-5.jpg"></p> </div>

### <Success>Important points of polymers</Success> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>Light weight : excellent strength to weight ratio</li> <li>Design flexiblity - low cost processing with high freedom of design and styling</li> <li>Thermal and electric insulators</li> <li>Many polymers based products are optically clear</li> <li>Variety of polymers</li> <li>Lower cost</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-15-chapter-01-polymers-l-1_4-rcd73leit1y-6.jpg"></p> </div>

### <Success>Polymer cycle</Success> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>$\leftarrow$ (petrolium products ,Crude oil, fossil fuel) Monomers$\xrightarrow{Polymerization}$ Polymers (-in solution, -in bulk) $\xrightarrow{additives}$ intermediate products pallets, powder sheets(Polymers processing) $\rightarrow$ Final polymer product $\rightarrow$ waste</li> </ul> <h4 id="application">Application</h4> <ul> <li>Polymers are one of the ingredients of the product</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-15-chapter-01-polymers-l-1_4-rcd73leit1y-7.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successmacromoleculessuccess"><Success>Macromolecules</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:99%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p>$\text { Polymer }= \text { ‘Poly’ }+ \text { ‘mer’ }$</p> <p>$\qquad\qquad\quad$ <ins>Many</ins> $\qquad\qquad$ <ins>Units</ins></p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-15-chapter-01-polymers-l-1_4-rcd73leit1y-8.jpg"></p> </div>

### <Success>Different types of Polymers </Success> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <h4 id="1-based-on-sources--">1. Based on sources -</h4> <p><strong>a. Natural Polymers - Polymers from plants or Animals proteins</strong></p> <ul> <li>Proteins</li> <li>Nucleic acids - DNA</li> <li>Cellulose</li> <li>Starch</li> <li>Wool,cotton, silk</li> <li>Natural Rubber</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-15-chapter-01-polymers-l-1_4-rcd73leit1y-9.jpg"></p> </div>

### <Success>Different types of Polymers </Success> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>b. Synthetic Polymers:</strong></p> <p>Polymers that are synthesized in Lab or plants.</p> <ul> <li>Plastic like Polyethylene</li> <li>Synthetic fibres like Nylon 6,6</li> <li>Synthetic rubbers like Buna-S</li> </ul> <p><strong>c. Semi-synthetic polymers - Natural polymers are chemically modified to get useful polymers</strong></p> <ul> <li>Cellulose acetate (rayon)</li> <li>cellulose nitrate, etc..</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-15-chapter-01-polymers-l-1_4-rcd73leit1y-10.jpg"></p> </div>

### <Success>Colloids</Success> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <ul> <li>1861 - Thomas Graham</li> <li>Cellulose</li> <li>“Colloids” after greek word “Kolla” - glue</li> <li>1870 - American Inventor Johan Wasley Hyalt</li> <li>Cellulose nitrate + camphor $\xrightarrow[high \hspace{1mm} pressure]{high \hspace{1mm} temp }$ <ins>Celluloid</ins></li> <li>World’s first <ins>plastic</ins> material</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-15-chapter-01-polymers-l-1_4-rcd73leit1y-11.jpg"></p> </div>

### <Success>Plastics</Success> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <h4 id="german-scientist-adolf-von-baeyer">German scientist Adolf von Baeyer</h4> <ul> <li>phenol + formaldehyde</li> </ul> <p>$\qquad\qquad$ $\downarrow$</p> <ul> <li>pdt- not soluble & not fusible</li> </ul> <h4 id="plastics-means-moldable">“Plastics” means moldable</h4> <ul> <li><ins>1890</ins> First Synthetic textile fiber is made by Spinning cellulose nitrate - marketed</li> <li><ins>1907</ins> First completely synthetic polymer product was introduced in the market by Leo Hendric Baekevland-</li> <li>Bakelite - Phenol + formaldehyde</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-15-chapter-01-polymers-l-1_4-rcd73leit1y-275-3180.0.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-15-chapter-01-polymers-l-1_4-rcd73leit1y-13.jpg"></p> </div>

### <Success>Classification</Success> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <h4 id="2-based-on-structure">2. Based on structure:</h4> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <image src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/3e9945bc-ff4c-4ed9-0cea-6b1af2dfbc00/public" width="100%"> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-15-chapter-01-polymers-l-1_4-rcd73leit1y-15.jpg"></p> </div>

### <Success> Based on structure</Success> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>a. Linear polymers</strong></p> <p><strong>b. Branched polymers</strong></p> <ul> <li>Short- branched</li> <li>Long-brached</li> <li>Hyper-brached</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <image src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/e82d7755-0896-48da-8ea0-63dc438c2b00/public" width="60%"> <!--<image src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/91bb3d85-5ca4-4e37-c8ef-1d45b8d45300/public" width="60%">--> <image src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/b65bfd3e-3acc-4859-3e42-7c568997fe00/public" width="60%"> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-15-chapter-01-polymers-l-1_4-rcd73leit1y-16.jpg"></p> </div>

### <Success> Based on structure</Success> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> <p><strong>C. Cross-linked or networked polymers -</strong></p> <image src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/8135cd34-a740-4f48-65f1-69bdf07c3000/public" width="40%"> <h4 id="networked-polymer">Networked polymer</h4> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-15-chapter-01-polymers-l-1_4-rcd73leit1y-365-3566.4.jpg"></p> </div>

<h3 id="successthank-yousuccess"><Success>Thank You</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left;'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-15-chapter-01-polymers-l-1_4-rcd73leit1y-367-3601.2.jpg"></p> </div>