<div> <h3 id="successbiomolecules-lecture-12success"><Success>Biomolecules (Lecture-12)</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-12-biomolecules-l-12_12-ublmvtqkru4-013-0027.6.jpg"></p> <div>

<div> <h3 id="successnucleosides-in-rnasuccess"><Success>Nucleosides in RNA</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <!--**Nucleosides in RNA**--> <!--* 1. Adenosine --> <!--* 2. Guanosine--> <!--* 3. Cytidine--> </div> <div style='float: center; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/459fb3b2-d3d7-48a7-d6a0-b37c957f7500/public" width="50%"> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successnucleosides-in-dnasuccess"><Success>Nucleosides in DNA</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <!--**Nucleosides in DNA**--> <!--* 1. Uridine--> <!--* 2. 2'-deoxy adenosine--> <!--* 3. 2'-deoxy guanosine--> </div> <div style='float: center; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/76ad4801-8803-4b1a-1d4f-0979f1cc7000/public" width="50%"> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successnucleosides-in-dnasuccess-1"><Success>Nucleosides in DNA</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:0%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> </div> <div style='float: center; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/7b865d00-474c-40f0-73c0-824e98c8d400/public" width="60%"> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successnucleotidessuccess"><Success>Nucleotides</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>A nucleotide is a nucleoside with an -OH group of the sugar bonded in an ester linkage to phosphoric acid</p> </li> <li> <p>The nucleotides of RNA are move precisely called ribonucleotides</p> </li> <li> <p>Nucleotides of DNA - deoxyribonucleotides</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-12-biomolecules-l-12_12-ublmvtqkru4-053-0477.6.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successnucleotidessuccess-1"><Success>Nucleotides</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>Nucleoside = base + sugar</li> <li>Nucleoside = base + sugar + sugar + phosphate</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/cdfe210c-e810-43ae-be3d-78037d4dee00/public" width="90%"> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successnucleotidessuccess-2"><Success>Nucleotides</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <!--* Adenosine 5' -triphosphate--> <!--* ATP--> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/47f9f586-1179-46c1-a5cc-8d4d3fc3fa00/public" width="50%"> <!--<img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/e65ef689-df24-4a62-2cdf-16af138a9000/public" width="50%">--> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successnucleic-acidssuccess"><Success>Nucleic acids</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotide subunits</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>Nucleic acids are composed of long strands of nucleotide subunits</p> </li> <li> <p>A dinucleotide contains two nucleotide subunits</p> </li> <li> <p>An oligonucleotide contains 3 to 10 nucleotide subunits</p> </li> <li> <p>A polynucleotide contains many nucleotide subunits</p> </li> <li> <p>DNA and RNA are polynucleotides</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-12-biomolecules-l-12_12-ublmvtqkru4-124-1188.0.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successnucleic-acidssuccess-1"><Success>Nucleic acids</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Biosynthesis of nucleic acids -</strong></p> <ul> <li>Nucleic acids are biosynthesized from nucleosiden triphosphates, using enzymes called DNA polymerase(for the synthesis of DNA) or RNA polymerase(for the synthesis of RNA)</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-12-biomolecules-l-12_12-ublmvtqkru4-158-1426.8.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successnucleic-acidssuccess-2"><Success>Nucleic acids</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:0%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <!--**Nucleotide add to the 3' and**--> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/b590666f-08b6-4882-90ab-4c726f65fd00/public" width="50%"> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successnucleic-acidssuccess-3"><Success>Nucleic acids</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>The primary structure of a nucleic acid -</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>The primary structure of nucleic acid is the sequence of bases in the strand</p> </li> <li> <p>Remember that the nucleotide at 5’end of the strand has an unlinked 5’-triphosphate group, and the nucleotide at 3’end has an unlinked 3’-hydroxyl group</p> </li> <li> <p>5’- end A T G A G C C A T A G C C A T T 3’- end</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-12-biomolecules-l-12_12-ublmvtqkru4-234-1902.0.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successstructure-of-dnasuccess"><Success>Structure of DNA</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>The secondary structure of DNA -</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>DNA wrists of two strands of nucleotides with the sugar phosphate backbone on the outside and the basis on the inside</p> </li> <li> <p>The strands are anti parallel(the run is opposite direction)</p> </li> <li> <p>The strands are hold together by hydrogenbonds between the basis on one strand and the basis on the other strand</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-12-biomolecules-l-12_12-ublmvtqkru4-269-2164.8.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successstructure-of-dnasuccess-1"><Success>Structure of DNA</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>The DNA strands are complementary</strong></p> <ul> <li>Chargaff’s data showing that</li> </ul> <ul> <li>[adenine] = [thymine]</li> <li>[guanine] = [cytosine]</li> </ul> <ul> <li>If you know the sequence of bon in one strand, you can figure out the sequence of bases in the other strand</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-12-biomolecules-l-12_12-ublmvtqkru4-301-2404.8.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successstructure-of-dnasuccess-2"><Success>Structure of DNA</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>Sugar phosphate backbone on out side</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/aa33a84f-0901-4f75-4955-7c909938ec00/public" width="80%"> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successhydrogen-bondingsuccess"><Success>Hydrogen Bonding</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:0%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <!--* Thymine and adenine--> <!--* 2-hydrogen bonds--> </div> <div style='float: center; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/d7072f49-9860-4aad-6849-c2b86b6a4100/public" width="80%"> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successthe-double-helixsuccess"><Success>The double helix</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>The double Helix -</strong></p> <ul> <li>The double helix resemble a circular staircase-base pair rings and sugar phosphate backbones are the handrails</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/96e5284d-4d83-4f8f-7214-325b7d353200/public" width="30%"> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successthe-double-helixsuccess-1"><Success>The double helix</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>The OH group of the phosphodiester linkages has a pka about 2</p> </li> <li> <p>So, it is in its basic form (negatively charged) at physiological pH</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-12-biomolecules-l-12_12-ublmvtqkru4-436-3313.2.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successdna-and-heriditysuccess"><Success>DNA and heridity</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>The sequence of bases in DNA provides a blueprint for the synthesis of RNA</li> </ul> <p><strong>Transcription DNA $\rightarrow$ RNA</strong></p> <ul> <li>The sequence of bases in RNA determines the sequence of aminoacids in protein</li> </ul> <p><strong>Translation m RNA $\rightarrow$ protein</strong></p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-12-biomolecules-l-12_12-ublmvtqkru4-456-3446.4.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successdna-and-heriditysuccess-1"><Success>DNA and heridity</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>The RNAs used for protein Biosynthesis</strong></p> <ul> <li>Although DNA molecules have billions of base pair, RNA molecules rarely have more than 10,000 michiotides. There are several kinds of RNA</li> </ul> <p><strong>Messenger RNA (mRNA)</strong></p> <ul> <li>sequence of bases - determines the sequence of amino acids</li> </ul> <p><strong>Ribosomal RNA(rRNA)</strong></p> <ul> <li>a structural component of ribosome</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-12-biomolecules-l-12_12-ublmvtqkru4-493-3654.0.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successdna-and-heriditysuccess-2"><Success>DNA and heridity</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>The particle on which the biosynthesis of protein takes place</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Transfer RNA(t RNA)</strong> - conversion of amino acids used for protein synthesis</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-12-biomolecules-l-12_12-ublmvtqkru4-530-3854.4.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successthank-yousuccess"><Success>Thank you</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-12-biomolecules-l-12_12-ublmvtqkru4-547-4012.8.jpg"></p> </div>