<div> <h3 id="successbiomolecules-lecture---11success"><Success>Biomolecules (lecture - 11)</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-11-biomolecules-l-11_12-utclfaxeynk-013-0027.6.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successwater-soluble-vitaminssuccess"><Success>Water soluble vitamins</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>Vitamin C traps radicals formed in aqueous environment, whereas vitamin E traps radicals formed in nonpolar environments</li> </ul> <p><strong>Water Soluble Vitamins -</strong></p> <p><strong>(1) Thiamine (Vitamin $B_1$)</strong></p> <ul> <li>Yeast, milk, green vegetables and cereals</li> <li>Beri beri (loss of appetite, retarted growth)</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-11-biomolecules-l-11_12-utclfaxeynk-015-0128.4.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successwater-soluble-vitaminssuccess-1"><Success>Water soluble vitamins</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>(2) Vitaimin $B_2$ (Riboflavin)</strong></p> <ul> <li>Milk, egg white liver,kidney</li> <li>Cheilosis (fissuring at corners of mouth and lips)</li> </ul> <p><strong>(3) Vitamin $B_6$ (Pyridoxine)</strong></p> <ul> <li>Yeast, milk, egg yolk, cereals and grams</li> <li>Convulsions</li> </ul> <p><strong>(4) Vitamin $B_{12}$</strong></p> <ul> <li>Meat, fish, egg and curd</li> <li>Perenicious anaemia (RBC deficient in haemoglobin)</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-11-biomolecules-l-11_12-utclfaxeynk-057-0381.6.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successwater-soluble-vitaminssuccess-2"><Success>Water soluble vitamins</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>(5) Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid)</strong></p> <ul> <li>Citrus fruits, amla and green leafy vegetables</li> <li>Scurvy (Bleeding gums)</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-11-biomolecules-l-11_12-utclfaxeynk-102-0723.6.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successwater-insoluble-vitaminssuccess"><Success>Water insoluble vitamins</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>(1) Vitamin A</strong></p> <ul> <li>Fish liver oil,carrots,butter and milk</li> <li>Xerophthalmia (hardening of cornea of eye)</li> </ul> <p><strong>(2) Vitamin D</strong></p> <ul> <li>Exposure to sun light,fish and egg yolk</li> <li>Rickets (bone deformities in children and osteomalacia soft bones and joint pain in adults</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-11-biomolecules-l-11_12-utclfaxeynk-102-0723.6.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successwater-insoluble-vitaminssuccess-1"><Success>Water insoluble vitamins</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:70%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>(3) Vitamin E</strong></p> <ul> <li>Vegetable oils like wheat germ oil, sunflower oil etc</li> <li>Increased fargility of RBC and muscular weakness</li> </ul> <p><strong>(4) Vitamin K</strong></p> <ul> <li>Green leafy vegetables</li> <li>Increased blood clotting time</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-11-biomolecules-l-11_12-utclfaxeynk-143-1080.0.jpg"></p> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>--> <!----> <!--</div>--> <!--<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>--> <!----> <!--</div>--> <!--<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>--> <!----> <!--</div>-->

<div> <h3 id="successnucleic-acidssuccess"><Success>Nucleic acids</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>Nucleic acids are chains of five-membered ring sugars linked by phosphate groups</p> </li> <li> <p>Notice that linkages are phosphodiesters</p> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>In RNA, the five membered - ring sugar is D-ribose</li> <li>In DNA, the five-membered-ring sugar is 2-deoxy-D-ribose</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-11-biomolecules-l-11_12-utclfaxeynk-212-1545.6.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successthe-bases-in-dna-and-rnasuccess"><Success>The bases in DNA and RNA</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>RNA</li> </ul> <ul> <li>2’- OH group</li> <li>A phospodiester links one five membered sugar to the next</li> <li>A phospodiester</li> <li>Phosphoric group</li> <li>A $\beta$ glycosidic linkage</li> </ul> <ul> <li>DNA</li> </ul> <ul> <li>No 2’-OH group</li> <li>A $\beta$ glycosidic linkage</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/b836588d-5be6-4295-3622-4a5d535a1300/public" width="80%"> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successthe-bases-in-dna-and-rnasuccess-1"><Success>The bases in DNA and RNA</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>These are only four bases in DNA two are substituted purines (adenine and guanine), and two are substituted pyrimidines (cytosine and thymine)</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/70e7b84f-1876-4853-b8c8-d6aa1055b500/public" width="90%"> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successthe-bases-in-dna-and-rnasuccess-2"><Success>The bases in DNA and RNA</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>RNA also contains only four bases</li> <li>Three (adenine, guanine and cytosine) are same as those in DNA, the fourth base in RNA is uracil instead of thymine</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/528279e2-94bc-440b-535a-2fc70a7f7e00/public" width="80%"> <!----> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successnucleosidessuccess"><Success>Nucleosides</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>A compound containing a base bonded to D-ribose or 2’- deoxy D-ribose is called a nucleoside</p> </li> <li> <p>Nucleosides in RNA</p> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>Adenosine</li> <li>Guanosine</li> <li>Cytidine</li> <li>Uridine</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-11-biomolecules-l-11_12-utclfaxeynk-387-3046.8.jpg"></p> </div>

<div> <h3 id="successthank-yousuccess"><Success>Thank you</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-11-biomolecules-l-11_12-utclfaxeynk-412-3211.2.jpg"></p> </div>