chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-04-biomolecules-l-4-12-mhwswfz1om

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Biomolecules Lecture-4</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Glycoside formation</B></primary></p>
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<li>
<p>Carbohydrate acetals are called glycosides, and an acetal of glucose is called <span style="color:red">glucoside</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Acetals of mannose are <span style="color:red">mannoside</span></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Acetals of fructose are <span style="color:red">fructoside</span></p>
</li>
</ul>
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<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-04-biomolecules-l-4_12-mhwswfz1om-02.jpg"></p>
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<footer style="font-size:18px;"> <span style="color:blue">Glycoside formation</span> $\rightarrow$ Mechanism for the reaction $\rightarrow$ Aglycon $\rightarrow$ Mechanism $\rightarrow$ Anomeric effect $\rightarrow$ Reducing and non reducing sugar $\rightarrow$ Measuring the blood glucose levels in diabetes $\rightarrow$ Hemoglobin </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Biomolecules Lecture-4</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Mechanism for the reaction</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Glycosides are stable in basic solution</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>In acidic solution it gets hydrolyzed to produce, alcohol and sugar</p>
</li>
</ul>
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<img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/0eec23d8-083b-4d31-fe2c-18001d81f100/public" width="45%">

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<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-04-biomolecules-l-4_12-mhwswfz1om-05.jpg"></p>
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</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Glycoside formation $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Mechanism for the reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Aglycon $\rightarrow$ Mechanism $\rightarrow$ Anomeric effect $\rightarrow$ Reducing and non reducing sugar $\rightarrow$ Measuring the blood glucose levels in diabetes $\rightarrow$ Hemoglobin </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Biomolecules Lecture-4</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Mechanism</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
</div>
<div style='float: center; width:100%;'>
<img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/771c5eef-946b-42a1-8a0b-f75d46ccbd00/public" width="50%">

</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>

</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Glycoside formation $\rightarrow$ Mechanism for the reaction $\rightarrow$ Aglycon $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Mechanism</span> $\rightarrow$ Anomeric effect $\rightarrow$ Reducing and non reducing sugar $\rightarrow$ Measuring the blood glucose levels in diabetes $\rightarrow$ Hemoglobin </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Biomolecules Lecture-4</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Anomeric effect</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>$\beta$-D glucose is more stable then $\alpha-D$-glucose</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>OH group for the equatorial position is not as a large as expected</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Relative amounts of $\beta$-D glucose and $\alpha$-D-glucose are $2: 1$</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:40%;'>
<img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/957dfb03-8908-45f8-eac2-6c69b1297700/public" width="90%">

</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-04-biomolecules-l-4_12-mhwswfz1om-07.jpg"></p>
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<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-04-biomolecules-l-4_12-mhwswfz1om-08.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Glycoside formation $\rightarrow$ Mechanism for the reaction $\rightarrow$ Aglycon $\rightarrow$ Mechanism $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Anomeric effect</span> $\rightarrow$ Reducing and non reducing sugar $\rightarrow$ Measuring the blood glucose levels in diabetes $\rightarrow$ Hemoglobin </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Biomolecules Lecture-4</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Anomeric effect</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>glucose reacts with an alcohol $\rightarrow$ glucoside</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>(major product is the $\alpha$-glucoside)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>$\alpha$ glucoside must be more stable than the $\beta$-glucoside</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The preference for certain substituents bonded to the anomeric carbon for the axial position is called the anomeric effect</p>
</li>
</ul>
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<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-04-biomolecules-l-4_12-mhwswfz1om-11.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Glycoside formation $\rightarrow$ Mechanism for the reaction $\rightarrow$ Aglycon $\rightarrow$ Mechanism $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Anomeric effect</span> $\rightarrow$ Reducing and non reducing sugar $\rightarrow$ Measuring the blood glucose levels in diabetes $\rightarrow$ Hemoglobin </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Biomolecules Lecture-4</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Reducing and non reducing sugar</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Glycosides are non-reducing sugars</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Hemiacetals, on the other hand are in equilibrium with the open-chain</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>So they can reduce the oxidizing reagent</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><span style="color:red">reducing sugar</span></p>
<ul>
<li>An acetal is a non-reducing sugar</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-04-biomolecules-l-4_12-mhwswfz1om-13.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Glycoside formation $\rightarrow$ Mechanism for the reaction $\rightarrow$ Aglycon $\rightarrow$ Mechanism $\rightarrow$ Anomeric effect $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Reducing and non reducing sugar</span> $\rightarrow$ Measuring the blood glucose levels in diabetes $\rightarrow$ Hemoglobin </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Biomolecules Lecture-4</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Measuring the blood glucose levels in diabetes</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>Glucose in the blood stream reacts with $\longrightarrow N H_2$ of haemoglobin to form an imine , subsequently undergoes an irreversible rearrangement to a more stable $\alpha$ aminoketone known as haemoglobin A1C</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-14-chapter-04-biomolecules-l-4_12-mhwswfz1om-14.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Glycoside formation $\rightarrow$ Mechanism for the reaction $\rightarrow$ Aglycon $\rightarrow$ Mechanism $\rightarrow$ Anomeric effect $\rightarrow$ Reducing and non reducing sugar $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Measuring the blood glucose levels in diabetes</span> $\rightarrow$ Hemoglobin </footer>