<p><Success style= "margin-top:16rem;text-align:center;"><B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds <br> Lecture-5</B></B></Success></p>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Reactions</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/ef855681-94a2-4992-d436-b8cc47c9d400/public" style='width:70%;'> <ul> <li> <p>$\mathrm{Ag}^{+}$ promotes the formation of $\mathrm{R}^{+}$ by the formation of $ \mathrm{AgX} \hspace{1mm} \mathrm{ppt}$</p> </li> <li> <p>$Nu^-$ attacks from the side in which it has more electronegative atom</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-nitrogen-containing-organic-compounds-l-5_5-9ip1gsyemyk-014-0069.6.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> <span style="color:blue">Reactions</span> $\rightarrow$ Walden inversion $\rightarrow$ Nucleophilic substitution $\rightarrow$ Discrete mechanisms $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ mechanism $\rightarrow$ Reactive intermediates $\rightarrow$ Structure $\rightarrow$ Important point to remember $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Effect of substrate $\rightarrow$ The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies $\rightarrow$ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics $\rightarrow$ Reductive amination $\rightarrow$ Structure </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Reactions</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>$Na^+$ does not show such promotion for the formation of R</p> </li> <li> <p>Nu attack takes place by the end which has more polarisable atom</p> </li> </ul> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/1b58df9f-e150-4237-e7e1-827883cd4f00/public" style='width:70%;'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-nitrogen-containing-organic-compounds-l-5_5-9ip1gsyemyk-014-0069.6.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> <span style="color:blue">Reactions</span> $\rightarrow$ Walden inversion $\rightarrow$ Nucleophilic substitution $\rightarrow$ Discrete mechanisms $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ mechanism $\rightarrow$ Reactive intermediates $\rightarrow$ Structure $\rightarrow$ Important point to remember $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Effect of substrate $\rightarrow$ The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies $\rightarrow$ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics $\rightarrow$ Reductive amination $\rightarrow$ Structure </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Walden inversion</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/2dfc97a0-a9a3-4cbb-5b79-f81f7478a200/public" width="50%;"> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-nitrogen-containing-organic-compounds-l-5_5-9ip1gsyemyk-015-0157.2.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Reactions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Walden inversion</span> $\rightarrow$ Nucleophilic substitution $\rightarrow$ Discrete mechanisms $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ mechanism $\rightarrow$ Reactive intermediates $\rightarrow$ Structure $\rightarrow$ Important point to remember $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Effect of substrate $\rightarrow$ The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies $\rightarrow$ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics $\rightarrow$ Reductive amination $\rightarrow$ Structure </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Nucleophilic substitution</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li><strong>Nucleophilic Substitution at a saturated carbon:</strong></li> </ul> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Nucleophile</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>It is an electron rich species reacts with an electron poor species</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Nucleophilic substitution</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>One nucleophile replaces another</p> </li> <li> <p>It occurs when an electron rich species the nucleophile reacts with an electrophilic saturated C-atom</p> </li> <li> <p>Which is attached to a electronegative group (important), the leaving group</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Reactions $\rightarrow$ Walden inversion $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Nucleophilic substitution</span> $\rightarrow$ Discrete mechanisms $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ mechanism $\rightarrow$ Reactive intermediates $\rightarrow$ Structure $\rightarrow$ Important point to remember $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Effect of substrate $\rightarrow$ The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies $\rightarrow$ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics $\rightarrow$ Reductive amination $\rightarrow$ Structure </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Nucleophilic substitution</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/760264f6-cca9-421f-2a65-1d4c3956f700/public" style='width:30%;'> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Reactions $\rightarrow$ Walden inversion $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Nucleophilic substitution</span> $\rightarrow$ Discrete mechanisms $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ mechanism $\rightarrow$ Reactive intermediates $\rightarrow$ Structure $\rightarrow$ Important point to remember $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Effect of substrate $\rightarrow$ The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies $\rightarrow$ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics $\rightarrow$ Reductive amination $\rightarrow$ Structure </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Discrete mechanisms</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Two types of discrete mechanisms</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>$S_N 1$</p> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <p>S - Substitution</p> </li> <li> <p>N: Nucleophilic</p> </li> <li> <p>1: unimolecular</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/ecc2dca9-3d3f-467f-1017-fe48206b7000/public" style='width:100%;'> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Reactions $\rightarrow$ Walden inversion $\rightarrow$ Nucleophilic substitution $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Discrete mechanisms</span> $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ mechanism $\rightarrow$ Reactive intermediates $\rightarrow$ Structure $\rightarrow$ Important point to remember $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Effect of substrate $\rightarrow$ The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies $\rightarrow$ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics $\rightarrow$ Reductive amination $\rightarrow$ Structure </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Discrete mechanisms</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>$S_N 2$</li> </ul> <ul> <li> <p>S - Substitution</p> </li> <li> <p>N: Nucleophilic</p> </li> <li> <p>2: Bimolecular</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/ecc2dca9-3d3f-467f-1017-fe48206b7000/public" style='width:100%;'> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Reactions $\rightarrow$ Walden inversion $\rightarrow$ Nucleophilic substitution $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Discrete mechanisms</span> $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ mechanism $\rightarrow$ Reactive intermediates $\rightarrow$ Structure $\rightarrow$ Important point to remember $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Effect of substrate $\rightarrow$ The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies $\rightarrow$ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics $\rightarrow$ Reductive amination $\rightarrow$ Structure </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Discrete mechanisms</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p><strong>$S_N 2$</strong></p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Hydrolysis of bromomethane in aqueous base proceeds according to</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>Rate = $k_2 [CH_3 Br] [OH]$</p> </li> </ul> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/c744209c-586a-40da-1e2e-70f40a55b600/public" style='width:50%;'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-nitrogen-containing-organic-compounds-l-5_5-9ip1gsyemyk-018-0436.8.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Reactions $\rightarrow$ Walden inversion $\rightarrow$ Nucleophilic substitution $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Discrete mechanisms</span> $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ mechanism $\rightarrow$ Reactive intermediates $\rightarrow$ Structure $\rightarrow$ Important point to remember $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Effect of substrate $\rightarrow$ The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies $\rightarrow$ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics $\rightarrow$ Reductive amination $\rightarrow$ Structure </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Discrete mechanisms</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>Both alkyl bromide and OH are participating in the rate - limiting (slowest) step of the reaction</p> </li> <li> <p>OH becomes partially attached to carbon before Br is fully detached</p> </li> <li> <p>Energy necessary for breaking C-Br bond is supplied by that produced in forming HO-C bond</p> </li> <li> <p>Quantum mechanical calculation shows that an approach by OH along the line of centers of the C & Br is that of lowest</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-nitrogen-containing-organic-compounds-l-5_5-9ip1gsyemyk-018-0436.8.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Reactions $\rightarrow$ Walden inversion $\rightarrow$ Nucleophilic substitution $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Discrete mechanisms</span> $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ mechanism $\rightarrow$ Reactive intermediates $\rightarrow$ Structure $\rightarrow$ Important point to remember $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Effect of substrate $\rightarrow$ The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies $\rightarrow$ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics $\rightarrow$ Reductive amination $\rightarrow$ Structure </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>$S_N2$ mechanism</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/0d790dc6-2cec-4376-da94-533d141ef400/public" style='width:45%;'> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Reactions $\rightarrow$ Walden inversion $\rightarrow$ Nucleophilic substitution $\rightarrow$ Discrete mechanisms $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">$S _N2$ mechanism</span>$\rightarrow$ Reactive intermediates $\rightarrow$ Structure $\rightarrow$ Important point to remember $\rightarrow$ $S _N2$ reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Effect of substrate $\rightarrow$ The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies $\rightarrow$ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics $\rightarrow$ Reductive amination $\rightarrow$ Structure </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Reactive intermediates</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/bb21b251-cefb-420b-4130-59b0015fcc00/public" style='width:50%;'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-nitrogen-containing-organic-compounds-l-5_5-9ip1gsyemyk-021-0625.2.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Reactions $\rightarrow$ Walden inversion $\rightarrow$ Nucleophilic substitution $\rightarrow$ Discrete mechanisms $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ mechanism $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Reactive intermediates</span> $\rightarrow$ Structure $\rightarrow$ Important point to remember $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Effect of substrate $\rightarrow$ The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies $\rightarrow$ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics $\rightarrow$ Reductive amination $\rightarrow$ Structure </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Structure</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/d589ffa5-ed1d-43f2-0bbe-9f1f29a93b00/public" style='width:50%;'> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Reactions $\rightarrow$ Walden inversion $\rightarrow$ Nucleophilic substitution $\rightarrow$ Discrete mechanisms $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ mechanism $\rightarrow$ Reactive intermediates $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Structure</span> $\rightarrow$ Important point to remember $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Effect of substrate $\rightarrow$ The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies $\rightarrow$ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics $\rightarrow$ Reductive amination $\rightarrow$ Structure </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Structure</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/f1b8182d-34fa-4172-402f-e53b75cc7400/public" style='width:60%;'> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Reactions $\rightarrow$ Walden inversion $\rightarrow$ Nucleophilic substitution $\rightarrow$ Discrete mechanisms $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ mechanism $\rightarrow$ Reactive intermediates $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Structure</span> $\rightarrow$ Important point to remember $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Effect of substrate $\rightarrow$ The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies $\rightarrow$ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics $\rightarrow$ Reductive amination $\rightarrow$ Structure </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Important point to remember</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>Inversion of configuration does not mean R going to S or vice versa. It means that bond formation takes place opposite to that of bond breaking …….. which leads to the inversion</p> </li> <li> <p>It is like inversion of umbrella in a storm</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/83b7e6d9-112d-49c5-16fd-478bd9ee9900/public" width="80%"> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Reactions $\rightarrow$ Walden inversion $\rightarrow$ Nucleophilic substitution $\rightarrow$ Discrete mechanisms $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ mechanism $\rightarrow$ Reactive intermediates $\rightarrow$ Structure $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Important point to remember</span> $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Effect of substrate $\rightarrow$ The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies $\rightarrow$ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics $\rightarrow$ Reductive amination $\rightarrow$ Structure </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>$S_N2$ reaction</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li><strong>Reaction profile diagram for $S_N2$ reaction</strong></li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/60ffb55a-963a-426a-6013-218318c24000/public" width="30%"> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Reactions $\rightarrow$ Walden inversion $\rightarrow$ Nucleophilic substitution $\rightarrow$ Discrete mechanisms $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ mechanism $\rightarrow$ Reactive intermediates $\rightarrow$ Structure $\rightarrow$ Important point to remember $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">$S_N2$ reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Effect of substrate $\rightarrow$ The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies $\rightarrow$ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics $\rightarrow$ Reductive amination $\rightarrow$ Structure </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Reaction</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ol> <li> <p>Halide undergoes slow ionization to yield the loan pair $R^+$ and $Cl^-$ followed by first attack by $OH^-$ or solvent or nucleophile</p> </li> <li> <p>The energy neccessary to effect the initial ionization is largely recovered from the energy envolved through solvation of the resultant loan-pair</p> </li> </ol> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/b9ae4d82-8872-469a-c33c-88fa897ff200/public" style='width:90%;'> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Reactions $\rightarrow$ Walden inversion $\rightarrow$ Nucleophilic substitution $\rightarrow$ Discrete mechanisms $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ mechanism $\rightarrow$ Reactive intermediates $\rightarrow$ Structure $\rightarrow$ Important point to remember $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Effect of substrate $\rightarrow$ The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies $\rightarrow$ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics $\rightarrow$ Reductive amination $\rightarrow$ Structure </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Reaction</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li><strong>Factors Affecting the Rate of $S_N 1$ and $S_N 2$ reactions:</strong></li> </ul> <ol> <li> <p>The structure of the substrate</p> </li> <li> <p>Concentration and reactivity of nucleophile (for biomolecular reactions only)</p> </li> <li> <p>The effect of solvent</p> </li> <li> <p>The nature of leaving group (nucleofuge)</p> </li> <li> <p>Stereochemical implications of mechanism</p> </li> </ol> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-nitrogen-containing-organic-compounds-l-5_5-9ip1gsyemyk-033-1167.6.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Reactions $\rightarrow$ Walden inversion $\rightarrow$ Nucleophilic substitution $\rightarrow$ Discrete mechanisms $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ mechanism $\rightarrow$ Reactive intermediates $\rightarrow$ Structure $\rightarrow$ Important point to remember $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Effect of substrate $\rightarrow$ The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies $\rightarrow$ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics $\rightarrow$ Reductive amination $\rightarrow$ Structure </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Effect of substrate</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:20px;text-align:left'> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Substituent</th> <th>Compound</th> <th>Relative Rate,$k_2$ $S_N 2$</th> <th>Relative Rate, $k_1$ $S_N 1$</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>Methly</td> <td>$H_3 C - X$</td> <td>$6 \times 10^3$</td> <td>0.002</td> </tr> <tr> <td>$1^o$</td> <td>$H_3 CH_2 - X$</td> <td>30</td> <td>0.004</td> </tr> <tr> <td>$2^o$</td> <td>$(H_3 C)_2 HC - X$</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> </tr> <tr> <td>$3^o$</td> <td>$(H_3 C)_3 C - X$</td> <td>0.00005</td> <td>$4 \times 10^6$</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <ul> <li> <p>For $S_N 2$ methly > primary > secondary » tertiary (unreactive)</p> </li> <li> <p>For $S_N 1$ tertiary » secondary > primary > methyl</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/6c8e3796-b02a-481c-b6cc-6e055e154700/public" style='width:100%;'> <!----> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-nitrogen-containing-organic-compounds-l-5_5-9ip1gsyemyk-01.jpg"></p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-nitrogen-containing-organic-compounds-l-5_5-9ip1gsyemyk-02.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Reactions $\rightarrow$ Walden inversion $\rightarrow$ Nucleophilic substitution $\rightarrow$ Discrete mechanisms $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ mechanism $\rightarrow$ Reactive intermediates $\rightarrow$ Structure $\rightarrow$ Important point to remember $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Effect of substrate</span> $\rightarrow$ The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies $\rightarrow$ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics $\rightarrow$ Reductive amination $\rightarrow$ Structure </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li><strong>Reduction of Nitro Compounds</strong></li> </ul> <ul> <li>Anilines may be prepared by reduction of nitrobenzenes. The overall synthetic begins with nitration of the starting arene</li> </ul> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/11de6c44-bf9d-42f3-340e-f46d212a6700/public" style='width:80%;'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <!----> <!----> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Reactions $\rightarrow$ Walden inversion $\rightarrow$ Nucleophilic substitution $\rightarrow$ Discrete mechanisms $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ mechanism $\rightarrow$ Reactive intermediates $\rightarrow$ Structure $\rightarrow$ Important point to remember $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Effect of substrate $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies</span> $\rightarrow$ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics $\rightarrow$ Reductive amination $\rightarrow$ Structure </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li><strong>The Dissolving Metal Reduction of Nitrobenzenes to anilines</strong></li> </ul> <ul> <li>These reactions use metals such as iron, zinc and tin and typically are carried out at reflux in hydrochloric acid solution, sometimes with added acetic acid to help dissolve the aromatic compound</li> </ul> <p>Example:</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/79bca5d1-5d68-4045-8d44-78cd69617e00/public" style='width:40%;'> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Reactions $\rightarrow$ Walden inversion $\rightarrow$ Nucleophilic substitution $\rightarrow$ Discrete mechanisms $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ mechanism $\rightarrow$ Reactive intermediates $\rightarrow$ Structure $\rightarrow$ Important point to remember $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Effect of substrate $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies</span> $\rightarrow$ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics $\rightarrow$ Reductive amination $\rightarrow$ Structure </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li><strong>A Second example</strong></li> </ul> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/77cff9c8-80fc-4975-317c-5f899aa9c700/public" style='width:80%;'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-nitrogen-containing-organic-compounds-l-5_5-9ip1gsyemyk-034-1227.6.jpg"></p> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-nitrogen-containing-organic-compounds-l-5_5-9ip1gsyemyk-01.jpg"></p> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-nitrogen-containing-organic-compounds-l-5_5-9ip1gsyemyk-02.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Reactions $\rightarrow$ Walden inversion $\rightarrow$ Nucleophilic substitution $\rightarrow$ Discrete mechanisms $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ mechanism $\rightarrow$ Reactive intermediates $\rightarrow$ Structure $\rightarrow$ Important point to remember $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Effect of substrate $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies</span> $\rightarrow$ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics $\rightarrow$ Reductive amination $\rightarrow$ Structure </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>Anilines may also be prepared by catalyzed reaction of pre-formed hydrogen with nitroaromatics:</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/edf0ed64-dc68-4490-ccfc-02cfe03f3300/public" style='width:50%;'> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Reactions $\rightarrow$ Walden inversion $\rightarrow$ Nucleophilic substitution $\rightarrow$ Discrete mechanisms $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ mechanism $\rightarrow$ Reactive intermediates $\rightarrow$ Structure $\rightarrow$ Important point to remember $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Effect of substrate $\rightarrow$ The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics</span> $\rightarrow$ Reductive amination $\rightarrow$ Structure </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Reductive amination</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>Aldehydes and ketones can be converted into amines by catalytic or chemical reduction in the presence of ammonia or a $1^o$ or $2^o$ amine. The overall synthetic schemes are these:</li> </ul> <ul> <li>These conversion can alternatively by viewed as <strong>reductive alkylations</strong> of the starting amines</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/06f59baa-7db8-4d9e-86c1-ae3040007100/public" style='width:90%;'> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Reactions $\rightarrow$ Walden inversion $\rightarrow$ Nucleophilic substitution $\rightarrow$ Discrete mechanisms $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ mechanism $\rightarrow$ Reactive intermediates $\rightarrow$ Structure $\rightarrow$ Important point to remember $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Effect of substrate $\rightarrow$ The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies $\rightarrow$ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Reductive amination</span> $\rightarrow$ Structure </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Structure</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Examples</strong></p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/db89775d-76c2-4ec2-2dce-23d883c68200/public" style='width:25%;'> <!----> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-nitrogen-containing-organic-compounds-l-5_5-9ip1gsyemyk-03.jpg"></p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-nitrogen-containing-organic-compounds-l-5_5-9ip1gsyemyk-04.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Reactions $\rightarrow$ Walden inversion $\rightarrow$ Nucleophilic substitution $\rightarrow$ Discrete mechanisms $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ mechanism $\rightarrow$ Reactive intermediates $\rightarrow$ Structure $\rightarrow$ Important point to remember $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Effect of substrate $\rightarrow$ The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies $\rightarrow$ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics $\rightarrow$ Reductive amination $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Structure</span> </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Structure</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Example</strong></p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/4a51daf0-c48e-4c27-b3ec-65551e8a1a00/public" style='width:40%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/599be5f7-af91-4850-dccd-f7ff65f39200/public" style='width:40%;'> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Reactions $\rightarrow$ Walden inversion $\rightarrow$ Nucleophilic substitution $\rightarrow$ Discrete mechanisms $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ mechanism $\rightarrow$ Reactive intermediates $\rightarrow$ Structure $\rightarrow$ Important point to remember $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Effect of substrate $\rightarrow$ The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies $\rightarrow$ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics $\rightarrow$ Reductive amination $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Structure</span> </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Structure</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;'> <p><img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/e9365f06-000e-42f0-63fb-0e9ebc6d7a00/public" style='width:50%;'></p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-nitrogen-containing-organic-compounds-l-5_5-9ip1gsyemyk-05.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Reactions $\rightarrow$ Walden inversion $\rightarrow$ Nucleophilic substitution $\rightarrow$ Discrete mechanisms $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ mechanism $\rightarrow$ Reactive intermediates $\rightarrow$ Structure $\rightarrow$ Important point to remember $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Effect of substrate $\rightarrow$ The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies $\rightarrow$ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics $\rightarrow$ Reductive amination $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Structure</span> </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Nitrogen containing organic compounds Lecture-5</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Structure</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/3bd63bb0-eb90-429e-860a-85bb29afb000/public" style='width:50%;'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-13-chapter-05-nitrogen-containing-organic-compounds-l-5_5-9ip1gsyemyk-06.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Reactions $\rightarrow$ Walden inversion $\rightarrow$ Nucleophilic substitution $\rightarrow$ Discrete mechanisms $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ mechanism $\rightarrow$ Reactive intermediates $\rightarrow$ Structure $\rightarrow$ Important point to remember $\rightarrow$ $S_N2$ reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Effect of substrate $\rightarrow$ The synthesis of amines by reduction methodologies $\rightarrow$ Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitroaromatics $\rightarrow$ Reductive amination $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Structure</span> </footer>

<p><Success style= "margin-top:16rem;text-align:center;"><B>Thank you</B></B></Success></p>