chemistry-class-12-unit-12-chapter-04-aldehydes-ketones-and-carboxylic-acids-l-4-8-duyfnun4jg0

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-4</B></Success>
<primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Oxidation</B></primary></p>
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<h4 id="oxidation-of-aldehydes">Oxidation of aldehydes</h4>
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<li>
<p>Aldehydes have been found to differ with ketones in oxidation
$RCHO \xrightarrow{[O]} RCOOH$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Strong oxidising agent:$KMnO_4,H_2CrO_4$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Mild oxidising agents: Tollens reagent and Fehling’s reagent</p>
</li>
</ul>


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<img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-12-chapter-04-aldehydes-ketones-and-carboxylic-acids-l-4_8-duyfnun4jg0-10(1).jpg"></p>
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<footer style="font-size:18px;"> <span style="color:blue">Oxidation</span> $\rightarrow$ Haloform reaction $\rightarrow$ Acidity of α-hydrogen $\rightarrow$ Aldol reaction $\rightarrow$ Cross aldol reaction $\rightarrow$ Cannizaro reaction $\rightarrow$ Cross cannizaro reaction $\rightarrow$ Oxidation table </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-4</B></Success>
<primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Oxidation</B></primary></p>
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<h4 id="oxidation-of-aldehydes-1">Oxidation of aldehydes</h4>
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<footer style="font-size:18px;"> <span style="color:blue">Oxidation</span> $\rightarrow$ Haloform reaction $\rightarrow$ Acidity of α-hydrogen $\rightarrow$ Aldol reaction $\rightarrow$ Cross aldol reaction $\rightarrow$ Cannizaro reaction $\rightarrow$ Cross cannizaro reaction $\rightarrow$ Oxidation table </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-4</B></Success>
<primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Oxidation</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>


<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Distinguish between aldehydes and ketones</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Tollens Test</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Fehling’s Test</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>**1. Tollens Test:**Tollens reagent is ammonical silver nitrate</p>

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<footer style="font-size:18px;"> <span style="color:blue">Oxidation</span> $\rightarrow$ Haloform reaction $\rightarrow$ Acidity of α-hydrogen $\rightarrow$ Aldol reaction $\rightarrow$ Cross aldol reaction $\rightarrow$ Cannizaro reaction $\rightarrow$ Cross cannizaro reaction $\rightarrow$ Oxidation table </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-4</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Oxidation</B></primary></p>
<hr>
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<div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<p><strong>Distinguish between aldehydes and ketones</strong></p>
<p><strong>2. Fehling’s Test</strong>:Only aliphatic aldehydes</p>

<p><strong>Fehling A:</strong> It is cupric sulphate solution</p>
<p><strong>Fehling B:</strong> Alkaline Sodium potassium testarate solution(Rochelle salt)</p>
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<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> <span style="color:blue">Oxidation</span> $\rightarrow$ Haloform reaction $\rightarrow$ Acidity of α-hydrogen $\rightarrow$ Aldol reaction $\rightarrow$ Cross aldol reaction $\rightarrow$ Cannizaro reaction $\rightarrow$ Cross cannizaro reaction $\rightarrow$ Oxidation table </footer>

<Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-4</B></Success>
<primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Haloform reaction</B></primary>

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$\Rightarrow$ Aldehydes & ketones having at least one methyl group attached to carbonyl are oxidized with sodium hyphoalite to carboxylic acids having one less carbon atom & haloform is formed

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<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Oxidation $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Haloform reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Acidity of α-hydrogen $\rightarrow$ Aldol reaction $\rightarrow$ Cross aldol reaction $\rightarrow$ Cannizaro reaction $\rightarrow$ Cross cannizaro reaction $\rightarrow$ Oxidation table </footer>

<Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-4</B></Success>

<primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Acidity of α-hydrogen</B></primary>

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**Reasons:**

(1) Electron withdrawing carbonyl group is present in $\alpha$- position

(2) Resonance stabilization of the carbonion

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<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Oxidation $\rightarrow$ Haloform reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Acidity of α-hydrogen</span> $\rightarrow$ Aldol reaction $\rightarrow$ Cross aldol reaction $\rightarrow$ Cannizaro reaction $\rightarrow$ Cross cannizaro reaction $\rightarrow$ Oxidation table </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-4</B></Success>
<primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Aldol reaction</B></primary></p>
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<div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<p>$\Rightarrow$ Aldehydes & ketones having $\alpha$-H are treated with dilute alkali, then $\beta$-hydroxy aldehyde (aldol) or $\beta$-hydroxy (ketol) is formed</p>
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<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Oxidation $\rightarrow$ Haloform reaction $\rightarrow$ Acidity of α-hydrogen $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Aldol reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Cross aldol reaction $\rightarrow$ Cannizaro reaction $\rightarrow$ Cross cannizaro reaction $\rightarrow$ Oxidation table </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-4</B></Success>
<primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Cross aldol reaction</B></primary></p>
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<p>$\Rightarrow$ Reaction between different aldehyde and/or ketones</p>
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<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Oxidation $\rightarrow$ Haloform reaction $\rightarrow$ Acidity of α-hydrogen $\rightarrow$ Aldol reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Cross aldol reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Cannizaro reaction $\rightarrow$ Cross cannizaro reaction $\rightarrow$ Oxidation table </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-4</B></Success>
<primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Cross aldol reaction</B></primary></p>
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<p>$\Rightarrow$ Reaction between acetophenone and benzaldehyde</p>
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<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Oxidation $\rightarrow$ Haloform reaction $\rightarrow$ Acidity of α-hydrogen $\rightarrow$ Aldol reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Cross aldol reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Cannizaro reaction $\rightarrow$ Cross cannizaro reaction $\rightarrow$ Oxidation table </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-4</B></Success>
<primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Cannizaro reaction</B></primary></p>
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<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Aldehyde with no $\alpha -H$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Strong base</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>One molecule of aldehyde gets oxidized to carboxylic acid and another molecule gets reduced to alcohol $\rArr$ <strong>Disproportination reaction</strong></p>
</li>
</ul>
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<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-12-chapter-04-aldehydes-ketones-and-carboxylic-acids-l-4_8-duyfnun4jg0-110(rr).jpg"></p>
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<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Oxidation $\rightarrow$ Haloform reaction $\rightarrow$ Acidity of α-hydrogen $\rightarrow$ Aldol reaction $\rightarrow$ Cross aldol reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Cannizaro reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Cross cannizaro reaction $\rightarrow$ Oxidation table </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-4</B></Success>
<primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Oxidation table</B></primary></p>
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<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Formula</th>
<th>Use</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Formaldehyde</td>
<td>$CH_2O$</td>
<td>Biological preservative</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Cinnamaldehyde</td>
<td>$C_9H_8O$</td>
<td>Cinnamon</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Citral</td>
<td>$C_{10}H_{16}O$</td>
<td>Antiseptic, perfumes</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Benzaldehyde</td>
<td>$C_6H_5CHO$</td>
<td>Manufacture of dyes almond flavoring</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Vanillin</td>
<td>$C_8H_8O_3$</td>
<td>Vanilla flavoring</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Oxidation $\rightarrow$ Haloform reaction $\rightarrow$ Acidity of α-hydrogen $\rightarrow$ Aldol reaction $\rightarrow$ Cross aldol reaction $\rightarrow$ Cannizaro reaction $\rightarrow$ Cross cannizaro reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Oxidation table</span> </footer>