<p><Success style= "margin-top:16rem;text-align:center;"><B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids <br> Lecture-3</B></B></Success></p>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-3</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Physical properties</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>Methanal $(HCHO)$ is gas at room temprature, paraformaldehyde $[(HCHO)_n]$ is solid</p> </li> <li> <p>Ethanal $CH_3CHO$ is a volatile liquid</p> </li> <li> <p>The boiling points of aldehydes & ketones are higher than the hydrocarbon & either of similar molecular mass due to molecular interaction arising out of dipole-dipole interaction</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> <span style="color:blue">Physical properties</span> $\rightarrow$ Nuclear addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Nuceophilic addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Reduction reaction $\rightarrow$ Nuceophilic addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Clemenson reduction $\rightarrow$ Wolff-kishner reaction </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-3</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Physical properties</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>The boiling points of aldehydes & ketons are lower than alcohols of similar molecular masses due to absence of hydrogen bonding</p> </li> <li> <p>Mol-mass - 55-60</p> </li> <li> <p>$CH_3CH_2CH_2OH > CH_3CH_2CHO≈CH_3C-CH_3 > CH_3OCH_2CH_3 > CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_3$</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-12-chapter-03-aldehydes-ketones-and-carboxylic-acids-l-3_8-73fpkqumjxe-10(r).jpg"> <img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-12-chapter-03-aldehydes-ketones-and-carboxylic-acids-l-3_8-73fpkqumjxe-10(1).jpg"> <img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-12-chapter-03-aldehydes-ketones-and-carboxylic-acids-l-3_8-73fpkqumjxe-10(2).jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> <span style="color:blue">Physical properties</span> $\rightarrow$ Nuclear addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Nuceophilic addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Reduction reaction $\rightarrow$ Nuceophilic addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Clemenson reduction $\rightarrow$ Wolff-kishner reaction </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-3</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Physical properties</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>Lower aldehydes and ketones are soluble in water due to hydrogen bonding with water</p> </li> <li> <p>As the size of substituent increases, the solubility decreases</p> </li> <li> <p>Lower aldehydes have sharp pungent smell</p> </li> <li> <p>The size increases, the smell becomes more fragnent</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/5354c1f1-6d6c-40ca-cca2-36694a047800/public" width="90%"> <!--.jpg)--> <!--.jpg)--> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> <span style="color:blue">Physical properties</span> $\rightarrow$ Nuclear addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Nuceophilic addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Reduction reaction $\rightarrow$ Nuceophilic addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Clemenson reduction $\rightarrow$ Wolff-kishner reaction </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-3</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Nuclear addition reaction</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Reactivity</strong> : Aldehydes are more reactive than ketones</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Steric</strong> : Two alkyl groups increases the bulkiness around carbonyl carbon</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Electronic effect</strong> : Two alkyl groups decreases the eletrophilicity of carbonyl due to (+I) effect</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/c6ee57b4-658d-4a9b-8c92-805950fbdc00/public" width="90%"> <!--.jpg)--> <!--.jpg)--> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Physical properties $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Nuclear addition reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Nuceophilic addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Reduction reaction $\rightarrow$ Nuceophilic addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Clemenson reduction $\rightarrow$ Wolff-kishner reaction </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-3</B></Success> <primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Nuclear addition reaction</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Reactivity</strong>: acetaldehyde $>$ benzaldehyde</p> </li> <li> <p>Electophilicity of carbonyl carbon gets reduced</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/c2ad352f-d102-4006-4cb9-ebb3181a7900/public" width="90%"> <!--.jpg)--> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Physical properties $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Nuclear addition reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Nuceophilic addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Reduction reaction $\rightarrow$ Nuceophilic addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Clemenson reduction $\rightarrow$ Wolff-kishner reaction </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-3</B></Success> <primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Nuclear addition reaction</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li><strong>Examples:</strong></li> </ul> <p>(1) Hydrogen cyanide addition</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <img src=" https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/b493760f-ccc7-4f4a-c482-feb41e5cd900/public" width="90%"> <!--.jpg)--> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Physical properties $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Nuclear addition reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Nuceophilic addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Reduction reaction $\rightarrow$ Nuceophilic addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Clemenson reduction $\rightarrow$ Wolff-kishner reaction </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-3</B></Success> <primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Nuceophilic addition reaction</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Examples:</strong></p> <p>(2) Addition of sodium hydrogen sulphite $(NaHSO_3)$</p> <ul> <li>Position of the equilibrium</li> <li>Right side for the aldehydes, to the left side for ketones due to steric reason</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/e3818e87-670d-4f50-f19c-0687776f8300/public" width="90%"> <!--.jpg)--> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Physical properties $\rightarrow$ Nuclear addition reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Nuceophilic addition reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Reduction reaction $\rightarrow$ Nuceophilic addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Clemenson reduction $\rightarrow$ Wolff-kishner reaction </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-3</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Nuceophilic addition reaction</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Examples:</strong></p> <p>(3) Addition of alcohols</p> <ul> <li> <p>Aldehydes react with one molecule of monohydric alcohol to provide monoalkoxy alcohol(hemiacetal)</p> </li> <li> <p>Hemiacetal reacts further with molecule of monohydric alochol to generate dialkoxy compound (acetal)</p> </li> <li> <p>Remove $H_2O$ by distillation using Dean-Stark or molecular sieve</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/8ce378a9-5ff1-4c28-788b-06b29dedcd00/public" width="90%"> <!--.jpg)--> <!--.jpg)--> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Physical properties $\rightarrow$ Nuclear addition reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Nuceophilic addition reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Reduction reaction $\rightarrow$ Nuceophilic addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Clemenson reduction $\rightarrow$ Wolff-kishner reaction </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-3</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Nuceophilic addition reaction</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Examples:</strong></p> <p>(3) Addition of alcohols</p> <ul> <li>Ketones similarly react to provide hemiketal & ketal respectively</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/4109fbc4-38e9-456c-68c5-1560b6279800/public" width="100%"> <!--.jpg)--> <!--.jpg)--> <!--.jpg)--> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Physical properties $\rightarrow$ Nuclear addition reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Nuceophilic addition reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Reduction reaction $\rightarrow$ Nuceophilic addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Clemenson reduction $\rightarrow$ Wolff-kishner reaction </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-3</B></Success> <primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Nuceophilic addition reaction</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li><strong>Examples:</strong></li> </ul> <p>(4) Addition of grignard reagent (R’MgX)</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/9c599b5c-6dca-4b16-1de1-2ca2225b7000/public" width="90%"> <!--.jpg)--> <!--.jpg)--> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Physical properties $\rightarrow$ Nuclear addition reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Nuceophilic addition reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Reduction reaction $\rightarrow$ Nuceophilic addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Clemenson reduction $\rightarrow$ Wolff-kishner reaction </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-3</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Nuceophilic addition reaction</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <p><strong>Examples:</strong></p> <p>(5) Addition of ammonia & its derivatives</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/3eaab8b3-d06f-4e5c-490e-6c84acd0eb00/public" width="90%"> <!--.jpg)--> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Physical properties $\rightarrow$ Nuclear addition reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Nuceophilic addition reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Reduction reaction $\rightarrow$ Nuceophilic addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Clemenson reduction $\rightarrow$ Wolff-kishner reaction </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-3</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Nuceophilic addition reaction</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;'> <!--<img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/b1c14ec4-256a-43b6-35f0-db3b2577a900/public" width="70%">--> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/8fbc62d2-badc-4630-dee8-5607aa4e7200/public" width="40%"> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Physical properties $\rightarrow$ Nuclear addition reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Nuceophilic addition reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Reduction reaction $\rightarrow$ Nuceophilic addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Clemenson reduction $\rightarrow$ Wolff-kishner reaction </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-3</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Reduction reaction</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li><strong>Conversion of alcohol</strong></li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/d82c8714-11a0-4f4b-b70a-d011fdd27300/public" width="90%"> <!--.jpg)--> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Physical properties $\rightarrow$ Nuclear addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Nuceophilic addition reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Reduction reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Nuceophilic addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Clemenson reduction $\rightarrow$ Wolff-kishner reaction </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-3</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Nuceophilic addition reaction</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li><strong>Conversion to hydrocarbons</strong></li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/65e3181b-fc96-4b02-77be-80b7748ec200/public" width="70%"> <!--.jpg)--> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Physical properties $\rightarrow$ Nuclear addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Nuceophilic addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Reduction reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Nuceophilic addition reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Clemenson reduction $\rightarrow$ Wolff-kishner reaction </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-3</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Clemenson reduction</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li><strong>Alcohol do not give products in this condition</strong></li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/0b5cd555-134b-43e4-7194-4044391d1b00/public" width="70%"> <!--.jpg)--> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Physical properties $\rightarrow$ Nuclear addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Nuceophilic addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Reduction reaction $\rightarrow$ Nuceophilic addition reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Clemenson reduction</span> $\rightarrow$ Wolff-kishner reaction </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Aldehydes ketones and carboxylic acids Lecture-3</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Wolff-kishner reaction</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/25dd94e0-3ec7-4430-610b-98c8511df800/public" width="50%"> <!--.jpg)--> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Physical properties $\rightarrow$ Nuclear addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Nuceophilic addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Reduction reaction $\rightarrow$ Nuceophilic addition reaction $\rightarrow$ Clemenson reduction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Wolff-kishner reaction</span> </footer>

<p><Success style= "margin-top:16rem;text-align:center;"><B>Thank you</B></B></Success></p>