chemistry-class-12-unit-08-chapter-03-d-and-f-block-elements-l-3-5-hale2rpkkmw

### <Success>Ionization enthalpies</Success>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:30px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>M (Bulk) $\rarr$ $M^o$ $\rarr$ $ M^{n+}$ $\quad$  n=?  aqueous</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Important points</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Due to an increase in nuclear charge which go with the filling of the inner $d$ orbitals, there is an increase in ionization enthalpy along each series of the transition elements from left to right</li>
<li>The successive enthalpies of these elements do not increase as abruptly as in the main group elements</li>
<li>Within a triad, the first ionization energy is generally higher for the third than for the first and second metals, but the reverse is often true for removal of subsequent electrons</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-08-chapter-03-d-and-f-block-elements-l-3_5-hale2rpkkmw-81.jpg"></p>
</div>

### <Success>Oxidation states</Success>
<div style='float: left; width:70%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Sc</th>
<th>Ti</th>
<th>V</th>
<th>Cr</th>
<th>Mn</th>
<th>Fe</th>
<th>Co</th>
<th>Ni</th>
<th>Cu</th>
<th>Zn</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>+2</td>
<td>+2</td>
<td>+2</td>
<td>+2</td>
<td>+2</td>
<td>+2</td>
<td>+2</td>
<td>+1</td>
<td>+2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>+3</td>
<td>+3</td>
<td>+3</td>
<td>+3</td>
<td>+3</td>
<td>+3</td>
<td>+3</td>
<td>+3</td>
<td>+2</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>+4</td>
<td>+4</td>
<td>+4</td>
<td>+4</td>
<td>+4</td>
<td>+4</td>
<td>+4</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>+5</td>
<td>+5</td>
<td>+5</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>+6</td>
<td>+6</td>
<td>+6</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>+7</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<ul>
<li>The elements which give the greatest number of oxidation states occur in or near the middle of the series</li>
<li>Mo(VI) and W(VI) are found to be more stable than Cr(VI)</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:30%;'>
<p><img alt="alt text" src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/c875dfca-20bd-42e2-9574-eb11cc5fbe00/public"></p>


</div>

<h4 id="success-how-movi-and-wvi-are-found-to-be-more-stable-than-crvisuccess"><Success> How Mo(VI) and W(VI) are found to be more stable than Cr(VI)</Success></h4>
<div style='float: left; width:0%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'>





</div>
<div style='float: right; width:100%;'>
<img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/1818cefa-d5c2-4818-b9f0-304f98d49800/public" width="60%">