chemistry-class-12-unit-05-chapter-03-surface-chemistry-l-3-6-yrgrq1nbins

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Surface chemistry Lecture-3</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Physisorption and Chemisorption</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<p><strong>Molecules may be physisorbed or chemisorbed on surfaces</strong></p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Physisorption</th>
<th>Chemisorption</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Non-selective</td>
<td>Selective</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Intermolecular forces</td>
<td>Chemical bonds</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$E_n=0$</td>
<td>Small $E_n$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$\Delta H_{ad} \simeq 10-10 KJ mol^{-1}$</td>
<td>$\Delta H_{ad} \simeq 100-100 KJ mol^{-1}$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Multilayer</td>
<td>Monolayer</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-05-chapter-03-surface-chemistry-l-3_6-yrgrq1nbins-038-0241.2.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:16px;"> <span style="color:blue">Physisorption and Chemisorption</span> $\rightarrow$ Extent of physisorption is related to intermolecular forces $\rightarrow$ Potential energy curve $\rightarrow$ Adsorption $\rightarrow$ Catalysis has a long history $\rightarrow$ Catalysis definations vary $\rightarrow$ Chemistry nobel prizes in catalysis $\rightarrow$ Major products of chemical industry use heterogeneous catalysis $\rightarrow$ Metals, Oxides, Sulphides, and acids are common catalysts $\rightarrow$ Catalysts may be present in the same phase as reactants $\rightarrow$ Catalysts and reactants may be in different phases $\rightarrow$ Exothermic reaction $\rightarrow$ Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed $\rightarrow$ Catalyzed reactions have smaller activation energies </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Surface chemistry Lecture-3</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Extent of physisorption is related to intermolecular forces</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Gas</th>
<th>Volume/$cm^3$</th>
<th>$T_b/{ }^o C$</th>
<th>$T_e/ { }^o C$</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>$COCl_2$</td>
<td>440</td>
<td>-8</td>
<td>183</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$SO_2$</td>
<td>380</td>
<td>-10</td>
<td>137</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$NH_3$</td>
<td>181</td>
<td>-33</td>
<td>132</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$H_2S$</td>
<td>99</td>
<td>-62</td>
<td>100</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$N_2O$</td>
<td>54</td>
<td>-90</td>
<td>37</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:50%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Gas</th>
<th>Volume/$cm^3$</th>
<th>$T_b/{ }^o C$</th>
<th>$T_e/ { }^o C$</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>$CO_2$</td>
<td>48</td>
<td>-78</td>
<td>31</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$CO$</td>
<td>9</td>
<td>-190</td>
<td>-140</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$O_2$</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>-182</td>
<td>-118</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$N_2$</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>-195</td>
<td>-146</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$H_2$</td>
<td>5</td>
<td>-252</td>
<td>-241</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>

</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:16px;"> Physisorption and Chemisorption $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Extent of physisorption is related to intermolecular forces</span> $\rightarrow$ Potential energy curve $\rightarrow$ Adsorption $\rightarrow$ Catalysis has a long history $\rightarrow$ Catalysis definations vary $\rightarrow$ Chemistry nobel prizes in catalysis $\rightarrow$ Major products of chemical industry use heterogeneous catalysis $\rightarrow$ Metals, Oxides, Sulphides, and acids are common catalysts $\rightarrow$ Catalysts may be present in the same phase as reactants $\rightarrow$ Catalysts and reactants may be in different phases $\rightarrow$ Exothermic reaction $\rightarrow$ Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed $\rightarrow$ Catalyzed reactions have smaller activation energies </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Surface chemistry Lecture-3</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Catalysis definations vary</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without modifying the overall standard gibbs energy change in the reaction - the process is called catalysis  (IUPAC Gold Book)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change  (Oxford English Dictionary)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>A person or thing that precipitates an event  (Oxford English Dictionary)</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-05-chapter-03-surface-chemistry-l-3_6-yrgrq1nbins-175.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:16px;"> Physisorption and Chemisorption $\rightarrow$ Extent of physisorption is related to intermolecular forces $\rightarrow$ Potential energy curve $\rightarrow$ Adsorption $\rightarrow$ Catalysis has a long history $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Catalysis definations vary</span> $\rightarrow$ Chemistry nobel prizes in catalysis $\rightarrow$ Major products of chemical industry use heterogeneous catalysis $\rightarrow$ Metals, Oxides, Sulphides, and acids are common catalysts $\rightarrow$ Catalysts may be present in the same phase as reactants $\rightarrow$ Catalysts and reactants may be in different phases $\rightarrow$ Exothermic reaction $\rightarrow$ Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed $\rightarrow$ Catalyzed reactions have smaller activation energies </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Surface chemistry Lecture-3</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Chemistry nobel prizes in catalysis</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Year</th>
<th>Person</th>
<th>Work</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>1909</td>
<td>W. Ostqald</td>
<td>On ctalysis</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1912</td>
<td>P. Sabatier</td>
<td>Olefin hydrogenation</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1918</td>
<td>F.Haber</td>
<td>Ammonia synthesis</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1963</td>
<td>K. Ziegler</td>
<td>Olefin</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>G. Natta</td>
<td>Polymerization</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2001</td>
<td>W. S. Knowles</td>
<td>Chirally</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>R. Noyori, and</td>
<td>Catalysed</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:50%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Year</th>
<th>Person</th>
<th>Work</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>K. B. Sharpless</td>
<td>reactions</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2005</td>
<td>Y. Chauvin</td>
<td>Catalysts</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>R. H. Grubbs, and</td>
<td>For olefin</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>R. R. Schrock</td>
<td>Methathesis</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2010</td>
<td>R. F. Heck,</td>
<td>Pd catalyzed</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>E. Negishi, and</td>
<td>C - C</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>A. Suzuki</td>
<td>Coupling</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-05-chapter-03-surface-chemistry-l-3_6-yrgrq1nbins-234.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:16px;"> Physisorption and Chemisorption $\rightarrow$ Extent of physisorption is related to intermolecular forces $\rightarrow$ Potential energy curve $\rightarrow$ Adsorption $\rightarrow$ Catalysis has a long history $\rightarrow$ Catalysis definations vary $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Chemistry nobel prizes in catalysis</span> $\rightarrow$ Major products of chemical industry use heterogeneous catalysis $\rightarrow$ Metals, Oxides, Sulphides, and acids are common catalysts $\rightarrow$ Catalysts may be present in the same phase as reactants $\rightarrow$ Catalysts and reactants may be in different phases $\rightarrow$ Exothermic reaction $\rightarrow$ Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed $\rightarrow$ Catalyzed reactions have smaller activation energies </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Surface chemistry Lecture-3</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Major products of chemical industry use heterogeneous catalysis</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Reactants</th>
<th>Product</th>
<th>Catalyst</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Crude oil</td>
<td>Fuels</td>
<td>$Pt/SiO_2-Al_2 O_3$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$SO_2,O_2$</td>
<td>$H_2SO_4$</td>
<td>$V_2O_5$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$N_2,H_2$</td>
<td>$NH_3$</td>
<td>Fe</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$CO,H_2$</td>
<td>$CH_3OH$</td>
<td>Pt/Rh</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$C_2H_4,O_2$</td>
<td>ethylene oxide</td>
<td>Ag</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:50%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Reactants</th>
<th>Product</th>
<th>Catalyst</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>$C_2H_4$</td>
<td>polyethylene</td>
<td>Cr(II), Ti(III)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$CH_3OH,O_2$</td>
<td>formaldehyde</td>
<td>Fe, Mo oxides</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$C_3H_6,NH_3,O_2$</td>
<td>acrylonitrile</td>
<td>Bi, Mo oxides</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>o-xylene, $O_2$</td>
<td>phthalic anhydride</td>
<td>$V_2 O_5$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>n-butane, $O_2$</td>
<td>maleic anhydride</td>
<td>$V_2O_5$</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-05-chapter-03-surface-chemistry-l-3_6-yrgrq1nbins-234(2).jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:16px;"> Physisorption and Chemisorption $\rightarrow$ Extent of physisorption is related to intermolecular forces $\rightarrow$ Potential energy curve $\rightarrow$ Adsorption $\rightarrow$ Catalysis has a long history $\rightarrow$ Catalysis definations vary $\rightarrow$ Chemistry nobel prizes in catalysis $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Major products of chemical industry use heterogeneous catalysis</span> $\rightarrow$ Metals, Oxides, Sulphides, and acids are common catalysts $\rightarrow$ Catalysts may be present in the same phase as reactants $\rightarrow$ Catalysts and reactants may be in different phases $\rightarrow$ Exothermic reaction $\rightarrow$ Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed $\rightarrow$ Catalyzed reactions have smaller activation energies </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Surface chemistry Lecture-3</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Metals, Oxides, Sulphides, and acids are common catalysts</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Class</th>
<th>Functions</th>
<th>Examples</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Metals</td>
<td>dehydrogenation</td>
<td>$Fe, Ni, Pt$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Metals</td>
<td>hydrogenetion</td>
<td>$Pd, Cu, Ag$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Metals</td>
<td>hydrogenolysis</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Semiconducting oxides and sulphides</td>
<td>dehydrogenation</td>
<td>$NiO, ZnO$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Semiconducting oxides and sulphides</td>
<td>reduction</td>
<td>$CuO$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Semiconducting oxides and sulphides</td>
<td>oxidation</td>
<td>$Cr_2 O_3$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Semiconducting oxides and sulphides</td>
<td>cyclization</td>
<td>$WS_2$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Semiconducting oxides and sulphides</td>
<td>desulphurization</td>
<td>$MnO_2$</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-05-chapter-03-surface-chemistry-l-3_6-yrgrq1nbins-05.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:16px;"> Physisorption and Chemisorption $\rightarrow$ Extent of physisorption is related to intermolecular forces $\rightarrow$ Potential energy curve $\rightarrow$ Adsorption $\rightarrow$ Catalysis has a long history $\rightarrow$ Catalysis definations vary $\rightarrow$ Chemistry nobel prizes in catalysis $\rightarrow$ Major products of chemical industry use heterogeneous catalysis $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Metals, Oxides, Sulphides, and acids are common catalysts</span> $\rightarrow$ Catalysts may be present in the same phase as reactants $\rightarrow$ Catalysts and reactants may be in different phases $\rightarrow$ Exothermic reaction $\rightarrow$ Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed $\rightarrow$ Catalyzed reactions have smaller activation energies </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Surface chemistry Lecture-3</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Metals, oxides, sulphides, and acids are common catalysts</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Class</th>
<th>Functions</th>
<th>Examples</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Insulator oxides</td>
<td>dehydration</td>
<td>$Al_2O_3$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Insulator oxides</td>
<td>isomerization</td>
<td>$SiO_2, MgO$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Acids</td>
<td>polymerization</td>
<td>$H_3PO_4$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Acids</td>
<td>isomerization</td>
<td>$H_2SO_4$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Acids</td>
<td>cracking</td>
<td>$SiO_2-Al_2O_3$</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Acids</td>
<td>alkylation</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-05-chapter-03-surface-chemistry-l-3_6-yrgrq1nbins-05.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:16px;"> Physisorption and Chemisorption $\rightarrow$ Extent of physisorption is related to intermolecular forces $\rightarrow$ Potential energy curve $\rightarrow$ Adsorption $\rightarrow$ Catalysis has a long history $\rightarrow$ Catalysis definations vary $\rightarrow$ Chemistry nobel prizes in catalysis $\rightarrow$ Major products of chemical industry use heterogeneous catalysis $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Metals, Oxides, Sulphides, and acids are common catalysts</span> $\rightarrow$ Catalysts may be present in the same phase as reactants $\rightarrow$ Catalysts and reactants may be in different phases $\rightarrow$ Exothermic reaction $\rightarrow$ Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed $\rightarrow$ Catalyzed reactions have smaller activation energies </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Surface chemistry Lecture-3</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Catalyzed reactions have smaller activation energies</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Reaction</th>
<th>Catalyst</th>
<th>$E_a/KJ$ $mol^{-1}$</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>None</td>
<td>185</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$2HI \rightarrow H_2 + I_2$</td>
<td>Au</td>
<td>105</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>Pt</td>
<td>58.8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>None</td>
<td>246</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>$2N_2O \rightarrow 2N_2 + O_2$</td>
<td>Au</td>
<td>122</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>Pt</td>
<td>137</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Pyrolysis of $C_2 H_5 OC_2 H_5$</td>
<td>None</td>
<td>225</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>$I_2(g)$</td>
<td>144</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-05-chapter-03-surface-chemistry-l-3_6-yrgrq1nbins-06.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:16px;"> Physisorption and Chemisorption $\rightarrow$ Extent of physisorption is related to intermolecular forces $\rightarrow$ Potential energy curve $\rightarrow$ Adsorption $\rightarrow$ Catalysis has a long history $\rightarrow$ Catalysis definations vary $\rightarrow$ Chemistry nobel prizes in catalysis $\rightarrow$ Major products of chemical industry use heterogeneous catalysis $\rightarrow$ Metals, Oxides, Sulphides, and acids are common catalysts $\rightarrow$ Catalysts may be present in the same phase as reactants $\rightarrow$ Catalysts and reactants may be in different phases $\rightarrow$ Exothermic reaction $\rightarrow$ Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Catalyzed reactions have smaller activation energies</span> </footer>