<div style='float: left; width:99%;'> <h3 id="successchemical-kineticssuccess"><Success>Chemical kinetics</Success></h3> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-16-chemical-kinetics-l-16_16-krumnqzvzio-014-0027.6.jpg"></p>

<h3 id="successreaction-coordinatesuccess"><Success>Reaction coordinate</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <!----> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/e38f5d65-7793-4c73-2ed9-00e024a59700/public" style='width:50%'>

<h3 id="successcatalysissuccess"><Success>Catalysis</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:50%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:100%;'> <!----> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/55f629ed-c219-4894-2250-a6a4b44ce400/public" style='width:70%'>

<h3 id="successcatalysissuccess-1"><Success>Catalysis</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <p>Between 1901 and 2012 15 Nobel Prizes have been awarded to work related to chemical and enzymatic catalysis</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-16-chemical-kinetics-l-16_16-krumnqzvzio-050-0642.0.jpg">

<h3 id="success1909-wilhelm-ostwaldsuccess"><Success>1909: Wilhelm Ostwald</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:99%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <ul> <li> <p>Recognition of his work on catalysis and associated fundamental studies on chemical equilibria and rates of reactions</p> </li> <li> <p>Catalytic action consists in the modification, by the acting substance, the catalyst, of the rate at which a chemical reaction occurs, without that substance itself being part of the end- products formed.</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-16-chemical-kinetics-l-16_16-krumnqzvzio-051-0674.4.jpg">

<h3 id="success1918-fritz-habersuccess"><Success>1918: Fritz Haber</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:99%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <ul> <li>For the synthesis of ammonia from its elements.</li> <li>$N_2+3H_2 \rightleftarrows 2NH_3; \Delta H_{298K} = -45.7 kJmol^{-1}$</li> <li><strong>Exothermic reaction:</strong> high temperature will favour backward reaction</li> <li><strong>Decrease in number of moles:</strong> increase in pressure will shift equilibrium to the right.</li> <li><strong>Haber introduced catalysts:</strong> iron, osmium</li> <li>Reduced temperature and increased pressure</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-16-chemical-kinetics-l-16_16-krumnqzvzio-055-0774.0.jpg">

<h3 id="success1931-carl-boschsuccess"><Success>1931: Carl Bosch</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:99%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <ul> <li>Bosch was given the task of developing this process on a large industrial scale.</li> <li>This task involved the construction of plant and apparatus which would stand up to working at high gas pressure and high reaction temperatures.</li> <li>Haber’s catalysts, osmium and uranium had to be replaced by a contact substance which would be both cheaper and more easily available.</li> <li>Bosch and his collaborators found the solution by using pure iron with certain additives.</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-16-chemical-kinetics-l-16_16-krumnqzvzio-055-0774.0.jpg"> <img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-16-chemical-kinetics-l-16_16-krumnqzvzio-062-0974.4.jpg">

<h3 id="success1931-carl-boschsuccess-1"><Success>1931: Carl Bosch</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <p>Pressure > 300 atm Temp. 400-700$\degree C$</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:70%;'> <!----> <p><img alt="alt text" src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/c6d1fe49-828e-4230-d080-7b24b9e65700/public">

<h3 id="success1931-carl-boschsuccess-2"><Success>1931: Carl Bosch</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:99%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <ul> <li>Some people consider the Haber process to be the most important invention of the past 200 years</li> <li>The primary reason the Haber process is important is because ammonia is used as a plant fertilizer, enabling farmers to grow enough crops to support an ever-increasing world population</li> <li>The Haber process supplies 500 million tons (453 billion kilograms) of nitrogen-based fertilizer annually, which is estimated to support food for a third of the people on Earth</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-16-chemical-kinetics-l-16_16-krumnqzvzio-077-1369.2.jpg">

<h3 id="success1963-karl-ziegler-and-giulio-nattasuccess"><Success>1963: Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:100%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <ul> <li>For their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:70%;'> <!----> <p><img alt="alt text" src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/3529f18d-595c-4802-2ed0-ee3132e24b00/public">

<h3 id="success1963-karl-ziegler-and-giulio-nattasuccess-1"><Success>1963: Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:99%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <ul> <li><strong>Professor Ziegler</strong> - Your excellent work on organometallic compounds has unexpectedly led to new polymerization reactions and thus paved the way for new and highly useful industrial processes. In recognition of your services to Science and Technology, the Royal Academy of Sciences has decided to award you the Nobel Prize. It is my pleasant duty to convey to you the best wishes of the Academy</li> </ul>

<h3 id="success1963-karl-ziegler-and-giulio-nattasuccess-2"><Success>1963: Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:99%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <ul> <li><strong>Professor Natta</strong> - You have succeeded in preparing by a new method macro molecules having a spatially regular structure. The scientific and technical consequences of your discovery are immense and cannot even now be fully estimated. The Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences wishes to express its appreciation by awarding you the Nobel Prize. Please accept the best wishes of the Academy. I would also like to express the admiration of the academy for the intensity with which you are continuing your work in the face of difficulties</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-16-chemical-kinetics-l-16_16-krumnqzvzio-081-1486.8.jpg">

<h3 id="success1963-karl-ziegler-and-giulio-nattasuccess-3"><Success>1963: Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:99%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <p>$R\xrightarrow{Ziegler-Natta Catalyst}n$(Linearity Stereoregularity)</p> <p>The generic reaction equation for polymerization of -olefins</p> <p>$Al(Et)_2 +TiCl_4 \xrightarrow{1atm 20-70 degree} CH_2CH_2$(inew molecular weight 10.000-20.000)</p> <p>Linear polyethylene obtained by Ziegler’s catalytic system</p>

<h3 id="success1963-karl-ziegler-and-giulio-nattasuccess-4"><Success>1963: Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:99%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <p>$CH_3 \xrightarrow[{Al(Et)_2Cl}]{TiCl_3}$Isotactic polypropene</p> <p>$CH_3 \xrightarrow[{VCl_4 -78 degree}]{Al(iBu)_2Cl}$Sysadintactic polypropene</p> <p>The Zn catalytic polymerization of linear polypropene with two different stereoregular structures</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-16-chemical-kinetics-l-16_16-krumnqzvzio-082-1567.2.jpg">

<h3 id="successnobel-prize-2007-gerhard-ertlsuccess"><Success>Nobel Prize 2007: Gerhard Ertl</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:99%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <ul> <li>For his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces</li> </ul> <p>The surface detective</p> <p><strong>Importance of surface reactions</strong></p> <ul> <li>Oxidation of CO on the surface of the catalyst Pt, an important component of catalytic converters in cars</li> <li>Rusting takes place when an iron surface is exposed to oxygen</li> </ul>

<h3 id="successnobel-prize-2007-gerhard-ertlsuccess-1"><Success>Nobel Prize 2007: Gerhard Ertl</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:99%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <ul> <li>Artificial fertilizers contain ammonia which is produced when nitrogen and hydrogen react on an iron surface (Recall: Haber-Bosch process)</li> <li>Used in the electronics industry to manufacture semiconductor materials for components</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <!----> <!----> <!---->

<h3 id="successertl-and-the-haber-bosch-processsuccess"><Success>Ertl and the Haber-Bosch Process</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:99%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <ul> <li>Catalyst consists of iron particles with added potassium hydroxide on a support of alumina and silica</li> <li>Ertl had already shown before how hydrogen adsorbs and dissociates on metal surfaces</li> <li>The most controversial issue was whether nitrogen would dissociate or not on the surface</li> <li>The triple bond of the nitrogen molecule is one of the strongest bonds known and thus it was always a question that whether the interaction with the surface atoms could possibly be strong enough to cleave the nitrogen molecule into its constituent atoms</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-16-chemical-kinetics-l-16_16-krumnqzvzio-092-1879.2.jpg">

<h3 id="successertl-and-the-haber-bosch-processsuccess-1"><Success>Ertl and the Haber-Bosch Process</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:99%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <ul> <li>Erti could demonstrate the presence of atomic nitrogen on clean iron surfaces</li> <li>This cleavage of $N_2$ was the slowest step</li> <li>Potassium acts as a promoter: remained on the surface of the catalyst and enhanced adsorption of nitrogen and its subsequent dissocation</li> </ul> <p>$H_2 \rightleftarrows 2H_{ad}$</p> <p>$N_2 \rightleftarrows N_{2,ad} \rightleftarrows 2N_3$</p> <p>$N_3 + H_{ad} \rightleftarrows NH_{ad}$</p>

<h3 id="successertl-and-the-haber-bosch-processsuccess-2"><Success>Ertl and the Haber-Bosch Process</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:99%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <p>$NH_{ad} + H_{ad} \rightleftarrows NH_{2,ad}$</p> <p>$NH_{2,ad} + H_{ad} \rightleftarrows NH_{3,ad}$</p> <p>$NH_{3,ad} \rightleftarrows NH_3$</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-16-chemical-kinetics-l-16_16-krumnqzvzio-096-2010.0.jpg">

<h3 id="successertl-and-the-haber-bosch-processsuccess-3"><Success>Ertl and the Haber-Bosch Process</Success></h3> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:70%;'> <!----> <!----> <p><img alt="alt text" src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/4770c721-c541-404f-e30b-e7a92daf3700/public">

<h3 id="successenzymes-as-catalystssuccess"><Success>Enzymes as catalysts</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:50%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> </div> <div style='float: center; width:50%; margin-left:180px;'> <!----> <!----> <p><img alt="alt text" src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/7b4b44d8-a2a8-4313-2a63-4576f9bb2100/public">

<h3 id="successenzymes-as-catalystssuccess-1"><Success>Enzymes as catalysts</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:60%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <ul> <li>The amino acid adjacent to the peptide bond to be cleaved is inserted into a pocket at the active site of the enzyme. In chymotrypsin, the pocket binds hydrophobic amino acids; the binding pocket of trypsin contains a negatively charged aspartate residue that binds basic amino acids via an ionic interaction</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <!----> <p><img alt="alt text" src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/e5ad0eff-533e-4b1d-a7d8-5aa6b706e100/public"></p> <!---->

<h3 id="successnobel-prize-physiology-or-medicinesuccess"><Success>Nobel Prize: Physiology or Medicine</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:60%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <p><strong>Elizabeth ft. Blackburn</strong></p> <p><strong>Carol W. Greider</strong></p> <p><strong>Jack W. Szostak</strong></p> <ul> <li>(Year 2009) for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <!----> <p><img alt="alt text" src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/785ab42f-8676-485a-55e8-c8965f270000/public">

<h3 id="successcatalytic-crackingsuccess"><Success>Catalytic cracking</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:99%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <ul> <li>In the petroleum industry cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such long chain hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons</li> <li>Fluid catalytic cracking is a major process in petroleum refining and provides around 50 percent of all transportation fuel</li> <li>Zeolite based catalysts have been the primary catalyst type used in petroleum refining</li> <li>Zeolites exhibit vastly superior activity, gasoline selectivity, and stability characteristics compared to original amorphous silica alumina catalyst</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-16-chemical-kinetics-l-16_16-krumnqzvzio-120-2553.6.jpg">

<h3 id="successcatalytic-crackingsuccess-1"><Success>Catalytic cracking</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:50%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> <!--Long chain alkanes--> <!--1. Smaller alkanes and cycloalkanes--> <!--aromatics smaller alkenes and branched alkenes--> <!--2. Branched alkenes and branched alkanes--> <!--- An example of the catalytic cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons--> </div> <!--<div style='float: right; width:70%;'>--> <!----> <!----> <p><img alt="alt text" src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/1bd0babf-e039-434d-f787-ee831f63cf00/public">

<h3 id="successcatalytic-crackingsuccess-2"><Success>Catalytic cracking</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:50%;text-align:left;font-size:30px;'> <!--* The zeolite acts as a molecular sieve--> <!--* Only straight-chain molecules can pass through the holes in the zeolite structure--> </div> <div style='float: right; width:70%;'> <!----> <p><img alt="alt text" src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/9035ac4d-593f-4660-cf91-5bdddceae300/public">

<h3 id="successcatalytic-crackingsuccess-3"><Success>Catalytic cracking</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:30%;text-align:left;font-size:30px;'> <p>A zeolite acting an a molecular sieve and a catalyst</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:70%;'> <!----> <p><img alt="alt text" src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/901de159-3255-428b-d9e4-f52f0cbb4f00/public"></p> <!---->

<h3 id="successthank-yousuccess"><Success>Thank you</Success></h3> <div style='float: left; width:99%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-16-chemical-kinetics-l-16_16-krumnqzvzio-140-2990.4.jpg">