chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-12-chemical-kinetics-l-12-16-nm6zk3mbvfm

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-12</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>The shaded fraction which shows the fraction of molecules having energy more than $E_a$</li>
</ul>
<p>$\quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \quad \downarrow$</p>
<ul>
<li>area of shaded fraction increases as the temperature is increased</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-12-chemical-kinetics-l-12_16-nm6zk3mbvfm-053-0273.6.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> <span style="color:blue">Chemical kinetics</span> $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius parameters $\rightarrow$ Magnitude of activation energy $\rightarrow$ Reactions $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius reaction $\rightarrow$ Question $\rightarrow$ Enormous change $\rightarrow$ Cyclobutene </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-12</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li><strong>As temperature is increased</strong></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<p>The distribution becomes broader</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>The peak of distribution shifts to higher value of kinetic energy</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-12-chemical-kinetics-l-12_16-nm6zk3mbvfm-01.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> <span style="color:blue">Chemical kinetics</span> $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius parameters $\rightarrow$ Magnitude of activation energy $\rightarrow$ Reactions $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius reaction $\rightarrow$ Question $\rightarrow$ Enormous change $\rightarrow$ Cyclobutene </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-12</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>Fraction of molecules having excess ie. energy in excess of $E_a$ is given by</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>$e^{E_a/RT}$</li>
</ul>
<p>$\qquad\Downarrow$</p>
<ul>
<li>$k = A e^{-E_a/RT}$</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-12-chemical-kinetics-l-12_16-nm6zk3mbvfm-063-0297.6.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> <span style="color:blue">Chemical kinetics</span> $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius parameters $\rightarrow$ Magnitude of activation energy $\rightarrow$ Reactions $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius reaction $\rightarrow$ Question $\rightarrow$ Enormous change $\rightarrow$ Cyclobutene </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-12</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Reaction</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>$k = A e^{-E_a/RT} \cdots (1)$</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<p>$\frac{E_a}{RT} \Rightarrow$ pure number (no dimension)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>$E_a \Rightarrow kJ/mol \Rightarrow 1000 J mol^{-1}$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>$R = 8.314 J K^{-1} mol^{-1}$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>$T = K$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>$\frac{E_a}{RT}$ = $\frac{J mol^{-1}}{J K^{-1} mol^{-1} K}$ = $\frac{J mol^{-1}} {J mol^{-1}} $</p>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>$\Rightarrow$ Pure number</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-12-chemical-kinetics-l-12_16-nm6zk3mbvfm-094-0500.4.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius parameters $\rightarrow$ Magnitude of activation energy $\rightarrow$ Reactions $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius reaction $\rightarrow$ Question $\rightarrow$ Enormous change $\rightarrow$ Cyclobutene </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-12</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Reaction</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>units of A = units of k</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>first order reaction</strong></p>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>$k = time^{-1} = A$</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><strong>Second order reaction</strong></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>$k = L mol^{-1} time^{-1} = A$</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-12-chemical-kinetics-l-12_16-nm6zk3mbvfm-174-0804.0.jpg"></p>

</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius parameters $\rightarrow$ Magnitude of activation energy $\rightarrow$ Reactions $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius reaction $\rightarrow$ Question $\rightarrow$ Enormous change $\rightarrow$ Cyclobutene </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-12</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Arrhenius parameters</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Determining the Arrhenius parameters</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>$k = A e^{-E_a/RT} \cdots (1)$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>ln k = ln A  + ln $e^{-E_a/RT} \cdots (2)$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>ln k = ln A - $\frac{E_a}{RT}$</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-12-chemical-kinetics-l-12_16-nm6zk3mbvfm-200-0921.6.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Arrhenius parameters</span> $\rightarrow$ Magnitude of activation energy $\rightarrow$ Reactions $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius reaction $\rightarrow$ Question $\rightarrow$ Enormous change $\rightarrow$ Cyclobutene </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-12</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Arrhenius parameters</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>ln k = ln A -$\frac{E_a}{RT} \cdots (3)$</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<p>$2.303 log_{10} k = 2.303 log A - \frac{E_a}{RT}$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>$2.303 log_{10} k = 2.303 log_{10}A - \frac{E_a}{RT}$</p>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>$log_{10} k = log_{10} A - \frac{E_a}{2.303 RT} \cdots (4)$</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-12-chemical-kinetics-l-12_16-nm6zk3mbvfm-03.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Arrhenius parameters</span> $\rightarrow$ Magnitude of activation energy $\rightarrow$ Reactions $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius reaction $\rightarrow$ Question $\rightarrow$ Enormous change $\rightarrow$ Cyclobutene </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-12</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Arrhenius parameters</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>ln k = -$\frac{E_a}{RT}$ + ln A $\cdots (4)$</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>ln k against $\frac{1}{T}$</li>
</ul>
<p>$\qquad\Downarrow$</p>
<ul>
<li>Linear plot</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-12-chemical-kinetics-l-12_16-nm6zk3mbvfm-04.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Arrhenius parameters</span> $\rightarrow$ Magnitude of activation energy $\rightarrow$ Reactions $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius reaction $\rightarrow$ Question $\rightarrow$ Enormous change $\rightarrow$ Cyclobutene </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-12</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Arrhenius parameters</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>ln k = ln A -$\frac{E_a}{RT}$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>ln k = -$\frac{E_a}{RT}$ + ln A</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:40%;'>
<img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/feffc25c-ce13-443d-3c40-1f5efbdc5c00/public" style ='width:100%;'>

</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Arrhenius parameters</span> $\rightarrow$ Magnitude of activation energy $\rightarrow$ Reactions $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius reaction $\rightarrow$ Question $\rightarrow$ Enormous change $\rightarrow$ Cyclobutene </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-12</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Arrhenius parameters</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Assumptions</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>‘A’ and ‘$E_a$’ are independent of temperature</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:40%;'>
<img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/feffc25c-ce13-443d-3c40-1f5efbdc5c00/public" style ='width:100%;'>


</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Arrhenius parameters</span> $\rightarrow$ Magnitude of activation energy $\rightarrow$ Reactions $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius reaction $\rightarrow$ Question $\rightarrow$ Enormous change $\rightarrow$ Cyclobutene </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-12</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Magnitude of activation energy</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>The magnitude of ‘$E_a$’ will determine the degree to which the rate of reaction is increased, under similar concentration conditions, when the temperature is increased</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:50%;'>
<img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/284bab92-7bdf-4d4c-fb24-f0a3d8da1300/public" style='width:70%;'>


</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius parameters $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Magnitude of activation energy</span> $\rightarrow$ Reactions $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius reaction $\rightarrow$ Question $\rightarrow$ Enormous change $\rightarrow$ Cyclobutene </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-12</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Reactions</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>k = A $e^{-E_a/RT} \cdots (1)$</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Two temperatures (K)</strong></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>$T_1$ and $T_2$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>$T_2 > T_1$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>$k_1 \quad k_2$</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-12-chemical-kinetics-l-12_16-nm6zk3mbvfm-388-1819.2.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius parameters $\rightarrow$ Magnitude of activation energy $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Reactions</span> $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius reaction $\rightarrow$ Question $\rightarrow$ Enormous change $\rightarrow$ Cyclobutene </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-12</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Reactions</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>ln $k_1$ = ln A - $\frac{E_a}{RT_1} \cdots (5)$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>ln $k_2$ = ln A - $\frac{E_a}{RT_2} \cdots (6)$</p>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>‘A’ and ‘$E_a$’ are constant</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<p>ln $k_2$ - ln $k_1$ = [ln A - $\frac{E_a}{RT_2}$] - [ln A - $\frac{E_a}{RT_1}$]</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>ln $\frac{k_2}{k_1} = \frac{E_a}{R} [\frac{1}{T_1} - \frac{1}{T_2}]  \cdots (7)$</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-12-chemical-kinetics-l-12_16-nm6zk3mbvfm-06.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius parameters $\rightarrow$ Magnitude of activation energy $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Reactions</span> $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius reaction $\rightarrow$ Question $\rightarrow$ Enormous change $\rightarrow$ Cyclobutene </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-12</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Arrhenius reaction</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>r = k $[A]^{\alpha} [B]^\beta$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>k = A $e^{-E_a/RT}$</p>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>At a given temperature, the reaction rate will depend upon:</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>
<p>A (Arrhenius factor)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Magnitude of $E_a$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Initial concentration of the reactants</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-12-chemical-kinetics-l-12_16-nm6zk3mbvfm-470-2272.8.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius parameters $\rightarrow$ Magnitude of activation energy $\rightarrow$ Reactions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Arrhenius reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Question $\rightarrow$ Enormous change $\rightarrow$ Cyclobutene </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-12</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Question</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li><strong>Question 1.</strong> Which of these factors will influence the reaction rate more or most</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:100%;'>
<img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/0a091ad7-1171-4fcc-04aa-9452676b8b00/public" style='width:60%;'>

</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius parameters $\rightarrow$ Magnitude of activation energy $\rightarrow$ Reactions $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Question</span> $\rightarrow$ Enormous change $\rightarrow$ Cyclobutene </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-12</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Enormous change</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>At 300k, which is very close to room temperature, a change in $E_a$ by a factor of ~10 leads to an enormous change in the exponential term covering over 16 orders of magnitude</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Thus with in the temperature range it is generally valid to compare rates of different reactions solely on the basis of their $E_a$ values ! $\rightarrow$ Any effects due to changes in concentration or ‘A’ are virtually swamped out</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-12-chemical-kinetics-l-12_16-nm6zk3mbvfm-07.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius parameters $\rightarrow$ Magnitude of activation energy $\rightarrow$ Reactions $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius reaction $\rightarrow$ Question $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Enormous change</span> $\rightarrow$ Cyclobutene </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-12</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Cyclobutene</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/314e2a76-4b3a-458b-fa08-5cdba3197300/public" style='width:60%;'>
<ul>
<li><strong>$E_a$ = 137 k J $mol^{-1}$</strong></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li>If I change temperature from 420K TO 430k [10K change], by what factor will rate increase?</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-12-chemical-kinetics-l-12_16-nm6zk3mbvfm-685-3150.0.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius parameters $\rightarrow$ Magnitude of activation energy $\rightarrow$ Reactions $\rightarrow$ Arrhenius reaction $\rightarrow$ Question $\rightarrow$ Enormous change $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Cyclobutene</span> </footer>