chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-02-chemical-kinetics-l-2-16-20qnaeqklgk

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical Kinetics Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;'>

<img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/aead0b05-8fe7-4587-74ce-c14683933a00/public" style='width:50%'>




</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> <span style="color:blue">Chemical kinetics</span> $\rightarrow$ Photochemical Smog $\rightarrow$ Photochemical $\rightarrow$ Hydrolysis of ATP $\rightarrow$ Graphite vs diamond $\rightarrow$ Birth of kinetics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ Chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Kinetic reaction profile </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical Kinetics Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Photochemical Smog</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;'>
<img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/f5afff75-b40e-4326-bb5e-f9d0b62ab900/public" style='width:40%'>




</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Photochemical Smog</span> $\rightarrow$ Photochemical $\rightarrow$ Hydrolysis of ATP $\rightarrow$ Graphite vs diamond $\rightarrow$ Birth of kinetics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ Chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Kinetic reaction profile </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical Kinetics Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Photochemical</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>$\quad$ Photochemical</li>
</ul>
<p>$\quad \quad \swarrow \quad \quad \quad \searrow$</p>
<p>Photons $\quad \quad$ Chemical</p>
<p>(light)</p>
<p>$\quad$ <strong>Smog</strong></p>
<p>$\quad \quad \downarrow$</p>
<p>$\quad$Brownish haze</p>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-02-chemical-kinetics-l-2_16-20qnaeqklgk-02.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Photochemical Smog $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Photochemical</span> $\rightarrow$ Hydrolysis of ATP $\rightarrow$ Graphite vs diamond $\rightarrow$ Birth of kinetics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ Chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Kinetic reaction profile </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical Kinetics Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Photochemical</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li><strong>A key ingredient in the smog</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>$\quad$ $\downarrow$</p>
<p>$NO_2$ (Absorbs visible light)</p>
<p>$NO_2 + h\nu(<400nm) \rightarrow NO + O …(1)$</p>
<p>$ {O}_2+{O} \rightarrow {O}_3 …(2)$</p>
<p>Incomplete combustion $\rightarrow$ unburnt hydrocarbons (R-H)</p>
<p>$\mathrm{R}-\mathrm{H}+\mathrm{.OH} \rightarrow \mathrm{R.}+\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O}$ …(3)</p>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-02-chemical-kinetics-l-2_16-20qnaeqklgk-061-0379.2.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Photochemical Smog $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Photochemical</span> $\rightarrow$ Hydrolysis of ATP $\rightarrow$ Graphite vs diamond $\rightarrow$ Birth of kinetics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ Chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Kinetic reaction profile </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical Kinetics Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Photochemical</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>${R^.} + {O}_2 \rightarrow { ROO^.}$…..(4)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>$ROO^.$  $\Rightarrow$ peroxy radical $O-O$ bond in $ROO^.$ is weak</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>$\mathrm{ROO^.}+\mathrm{NO}\rightarrow\mathrm{RO^.}+\mathrm{NO}_2$……(5)</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-02-chemical-kinetics-l-2_16-20qnaeqklgk-04.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Photochemical Smog $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Photochemical</span> $\rightarrow$ Hydrolysis of ATP $\rightarrow$ Graphite vs diamond $\rightarrow$ Birth of kinetics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ Chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Kinetic reaction profile </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical Kinetics Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Photochemical</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li><strong>Question:</strong> How do (**$^{.}$**OH) radicals come about ?</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Ans.</strong> $O_3+hv (<325nm)\rightarrow {O}_2+{O}^{*}….(6)$</p>
<p>$\quad \quad \downarrow$</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Harmful uv (ultra violet) rays</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>$O^*$ $\Rightarrow$ oxygen atom in the excited state</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-02-chemical-kinetics-l-2_16-20qnaeqklgk-05.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Photochemical Smog $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Photochemical</span> $\rightarrow$ Hydrolysis of ATP $\rightarrow$ Graphite vs diamond $\rightarrow$ Birth of kinetics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ Chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Kinetic reaction profile </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical Kinetics Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Photochemical</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>${O}^{*}+ H_2O \rightarrow$  2 $^. {OH}$ …(7)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>$\mathrm{NO}_2$ + $^. OH$ $\rightarrow \mathrm{HNO}_3$ (acid rain)</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-02-chemical-kinetics-l-2_16-20qnaeqklgk-163-1026.0.jpg"></p>

</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Photochemical Smog $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Photochemical</span> $\rightarrow$ Hydrolysis of ATP $\rightarrow$ Graphite vs diamond $\rightarrow$ Birth of kinetics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ Chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Kinetic reaction profile </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical Kinetics Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Hydrolysis of ATP</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;'>

<img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/45b86992-1909-4fb2-3f85-aa06c535a700/public" style='width:40%'>



</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Photochemical Smog $\rightarrow$ Photochemical $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Hydrolysis of ATP</span> $\rightarrow$ Graphite vs diamond $\rightarrow$ Birth of kinetics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ Chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Kinetic reaction profile </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical Kinetics Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Hydrolysis of ATP</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>Thermodynamically unstable but kinetically stable</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Hydrolysis of ATP</strong></p>
<p>${ATP}^{4-}+{H}_2{O} \rightarrow {ADP}^{3-}+\mathrm{HPO_4}^{2-}+{H}^{+}$</p>
<p>Change in free energy =-30.5kJ\mol</p>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>

<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-02-chemical-kinetics-l-2_16-20qnaeqklgk-200-1398.0.jpg"></p>

</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Photochemical Smog $\rightarrow$ Photochemical $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Hydrolysis of ATP</span> $\rightarrow$ Graphite vs diamond $\rightarrow$ Birth of kinetics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ Chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Kinetic reaction profile </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical Kinetics Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Hydrolysis of ATP</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li><strong>ATP $\rightarrow$ Energy currency of the cell or body</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>$\qquad\qquad$ $\downarrow$</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Thermodynamically unstable</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Kinetically the hydrolysis of ATP is very slow</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>$\qquad$ $\downarrow$</p>
<ul>
<li>Kinetically stable</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>


<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-02-chemical-kinetics-l-2_16-20qnaeqklgk-06c.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Photochemical Smog $\rightarrow$ Photochemical $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Hydrolysis of ATP</span> $\rightarrow$ Graphite vs diamond $\rightarrow$ Birth of kinetics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ Chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Kinetic reaction profile </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical Kinetics Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Graphite vs diamond</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:70%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li><strong>Graphite and diamond</strong></li>
</ul>
<p>$\qquad$ $\downarrow$</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Allotropes of carbon</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><strong>Graphite is more stable then  diamond</strong></p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Diamond $\rightarrow$ Graphite</p>
<p>$\quad \downarrow$</p>
<ul>
<li>Thermodynamically unstable</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:30%;'>

<p><img alt="alt text" src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/773427cf-cc36-44d1-c828-3952096ef000/public"></p>


</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Photochemical Smog $\rightarrow$ Photochemical $\rightarrow$ Hydrolysis of ATP $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Graphite vs diamond</span> $\rightarrow$ Birth of kinetics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ Chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Kinetic reaction profile </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical Kinetics Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Birth of kinetics</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Wilhelmy noted that the reaction rate of any time was directly proportimal to the amount of sucrose left unreacted at that time</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Wilhelmy is often referred to as the <ins>Father of Chemical kinetics</ins></p>
</li>
<li>
<p>9 Nobel prizes in Chemistry have been awarded to the field of ‘Chemical kinetics’</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: centre; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-02-chemical-kinetics-l-2_16-20qnaeqklgk-281-1872.0.jpg"></p>
<img src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-02-chemical-kinetics-l-2_16-20qnaeqklgk-281-1872.0.jpg" style='width:60%'>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Photochemical Smog $\rightarrow$ Photochemical $\rightarrow$ Hydrolysis of ATP $\rightarrow$ Graphite vs diamond $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Birth of kinetics</span> $\rightarrow$ Rate of a chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ Chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Kinetic reaction profile </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical Kinetics Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Rate of a chemical reaction</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Many analytical techniques exist by which we can measure changes in concentration of reactants , products or both</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>pH change</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Pressure change</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Change in colour</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>It can be used to follow reactions and determine reaction rate</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-02-chemical-kinetics-l-2_16-20qnaeqklgk-10.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Photochemical Smog $\rightarrow$ Photochemical $\rightarrow$ Hydrolysis of ATP $\rightarrow$ Graphite vs diamond $\rightarrow$ Birth of kinetics $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Rate of a chemical reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Kinetic reaction profile </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical Kinetics Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Chemical reaction</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>All these reactions need to be carried out under isothermal conditions</li>
</ul>
<p>(Constant temperature)</p>
<ul>
<li>However , if your goal is to measure the temperature dependence of the reaction , then the
temperature needs to be varied</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-02-chemical-kinetics-l-2_16-20qnaeqklgk-12.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Photochemical Smog $\rightarrow$ Photochemical $\rightarrow$ Hydrolysis of ATP $\rightarrow$ Graphite vs diamond $\rightarrow$ Birth of kinetics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Chemical reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Kinetic reaction profile </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical Kinetics Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Chemical reaction</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li><strong>A $\rightarrow$ P</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Initial concentration of $A$</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Experiment 1  $\hspace{3mm}$  $T_1$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Experiment 2  $\hspace{3mm}$  $T_2$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Experimant 3 $\hspace{3mm}$  $T_3$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Experiment 4  $\hspace{3mm}$  $T_4$</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>


<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-02-chemical-kinetics-l-2_16-20qnaeqklgk-380-2782.8.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Photochemical Smog $\rightarrow$ Photochemical $\rightarrow$ Hydrolysis of ATP $\rightarrow$ Graphite vs diamond $\rightarrow$ Birth of kinetics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Chemical reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Reaction $\rightarrow$ Kinetic reaction profile </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical Kinetics Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Reaction</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>$ClO^{-}(aq)+Br^{-}(aq)\rightarrow$ $BrO^{-}(aq) + Cl^{-}(aq)$</li>
</ul>
<p>(hypochlorite ion)</p>
<ul>
<li>Study the kinetics of this reaction at a fixed temperature of $25^0{C}$ or 298 k</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-02-chemical-kinetics-l-2_16-20qnaeqklgk-13.jpg"></p>

</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Photochemical Smog $\rightarrow$ Photochemical $\rightarrow$ Hydrolysis of ATP $\rightarrow$ Graphite vs diamond $\rightarrow$ Birth of kinetics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ Chemical reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Kinetic reaction profile </footer>