<p><Success style= "margin-top:16rem;text-align:center;"><B>Chemical kinetics<br>Lecture-1</B></Success></p>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li><strong>Processes related to chemistry</strong></li> </ul> <p><strong>Changes happening</strong></p> <ul> <li> <p>A + B ${\rightarrow}$ C</p> </li> <li> <p>A(phase 1) ${\rightarrow}$ A(phase 2)</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-01-chemical-kinetics-l-1_16-n5vq9bmob_u-035-0188.4.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> <span style="color:blue">Chemical kinetics</span> $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a reaction $\rightarrow$ Chemistry in cars </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>Kinetics $\rightarrow$ how fast or how quickly the particular process is going on</p> </li> <li> <p>Rate of that process</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-01-chemical-kinetics-l-1_16-n5vq9bmob_u-043-0241.2.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> <span style="color:blue">Chemical kinetics</span> $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a reaction $\rightarrow$ Chemistry in cars </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Thermodynamics</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>Initial state (i)</p> </li> <li> <p>Final state (f)</p> </li> <li> <p>When you have reached a chemical equilibrium</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-01-chemical-kinetics-l-1_16-n5vq9bmob_u-01.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Thermodynamics</span> $\rightarrow$ Rate of a reaction $\rightarrow$ Chemistry in cars </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Thermodynamics</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>Ice $\xrightarrow [endothermic] {Supply \hspace{1mm} heat}$ water (l)</p> </li> <li> <p>Water (l) $\rightarrow$ water or vapour (g)</p> </li> <li> <p>endothermic</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-01-chemical-kinetics-l-1_16-n5vq9bmob_u-02.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Thermodynamics</span> $\rightarrow$ Rate of a reaction $\rightarrow$ Chemistry in cars </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Thermodynamics</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>Free energy change of the reaction or process $\rightarrow \Delta G$</p> </li> <li> <p>Entropy changes$\rightarrow\Delta S$</p> </li> <li> <p>Dilution of concentrated sulphuric acid $\rightarrow\mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{SO}_4(l$)</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-01-chemical-kinetics-l-1_16-n5vq9bmob_u-03.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Thermodynamics</span> $\rightarrow$ Rate of a reaction $\rightarrow$ Chemistry in cars </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Thermodynamics</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:38%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <table> <thead> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">$\Delta T$</th> <th style="text-align:left">$H_2SO_4$</th> <th style="text-align:left">$H_2O$</th> <th style="text-align:left">$\Delta H_{rxn}$</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">$25^oC$</td> <td style="text-align:left">10 ml</td> <td style="text-align:left">100</td> <td style="text-align:left">-11 kJ</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">$70^oC$</td> <td style="text-align:left">30 ml</td> <td style="text-align:left">100</td> <td style="text-align:left">-30 KJ</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <ul> <li> <p>This process $\rightarrow$ exothermic process</p> </li> <li> <p>The thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ we do not have any information about time</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-01-chemical-kinetics-l-1_16-n5vq9bmob_u-04.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Thermodynamics</span> $\rightarrow$ Rate of a reaction $\rightarrow$ Chemistry in cars </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Thermodynamics</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ no time information</li> </ul> <p><strong>Chemical kineties</strong></p> <p>$\quad\qquad \downarrow$</p> <ul> <li>Mainly interested in the time taken</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-01-chemical-kinetics-l-1_16-n5vq9bmob_u-05.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Thermodynamics</span> $\rightarrow$ Rate of a reaction $\rightarrow$ Chemistry in cars </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Thermodynamics</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>A $\rightarrow$ B</li> </ul> <p><strong>How does this process happen</strong></p> <p>$\quad \qquad \downarrow$</p> <ul> <li> <p>Mechanism at the molecular level</p> </li> <li> <p>Addressed by chemical kinetics</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-01-chemical-kinetics-l-1_16-n5vq9bmob_u-165-0976.8.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Thermodynamics</span> $\rightarrow$ Rate of a reaction $\rightarrow$ Chemistry in cars </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Rate of a reaction</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ol> <li> <p>Can I have a control on the rate of the reaction</p> </li> <li> <p>Factors that will control the reaction rate:</p> </li> </ol> <ul> <li>Concentration, temperature, catalyst</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-01-chemical-kinetics-l-1_16-n5vq9bmob_u-06.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Rate of a reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Chemistry in cars </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Rate of a reaction</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>Kinetics is mainly referred to as a branch of physical chemistry</p> </li> <li> <p>Kinetics $\rightarrow$ unifying topic</p> </li> </ul> <p>$\qquad\quad\downarrow$</p> <ul> <li> <p>Bio chemistry</p> </li> <li> <p>Biology</p> </li> <li> <p>Mechanisms in organic and inorganic chemistry</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-01-chemical-kinetics-l-1_16-n5vq9bmob_u-07.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Rate of a reaction</span> $\rightarrow$ Chemistry in cars </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Chemistry in cars</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li><strong>Petrol (or gasoline)</strong></li> </ul> <p>$\quad \downarrow$</p> <ul> <li>Mixture of hydrocarbons</li> </ul> <p>$(C_x H_y)$</p> <ul> <li> <p>$\mathrm{CH}_4 \rightarrow x=1, y=4$</p> </li> <li> <p>$\mathrm{C}_2 \mathrm{H}_6 \rightarrow x=2, y=6$</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-01-chemical-kinetics-l-1_16-n5vq9bmob_u-08.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Chemistry in cars</span> </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Chemistry in cars</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li><strong>Petrol is burnt-</strong></li> </ul> <p>$\qquad\quad\downarrow$ ideal condition</p> <ul> <li> <p>${C_xH_y} +{O}_2 \rightarrow {CO}_2 +{H_2O}$</p> </li> <li> <p>Incomplete fuel burning</p> </li> </ul> <p>$\qquad \downarrow$</p> <p>$\quad C_xH_y$</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-01-chemical-kinetics-l-1_16-n5vq9bmob_u-250-1599.6.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Chemistry in cars</span> </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Chemistry in cars</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>$C_xH_y\rightarrow{CO}$</p> </li> <li> <p>$N_2\rightarrow{NO_x}$</p> </li> </ul> <p>$\quad \quad \quad \quad \downarrow$</p> <p>$\quad \quad \quad \quad NO \quad$ ${NO_2}$</p> <p>$\quad \quad \quad \quad \downarrow \quad\quad \quad \downarrow$</p> <p>$\quad$ Nitric Oxide $\quad$ Nitrogen dioxide</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-01-chemical-kinetics-l-1_16-n5vq9bmob_u-09.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Chemistry in cars</span> </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Chemistry in cars</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:70%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>$Air+ petrol \rightarrow CO_2+ H_2O + CO + {NO}_x+ \text{unburnt hydrocarbons}$</p> </li> <li> <p>Environmental pollutants</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:30%;'> <p><img alt="alt text" src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/c8a00b54-ea36-47d6-21f1-225977511f00/public"></p> <!----> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Chemistry in cars</span> </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Chemistry in cars</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>Emission from cars $\rightarrow$ environmental pollution</p> </li> <li> <p>Catalytic converter</p> </li> </ul> <p>$\quad \downarrow \quad \quad \quad \quad \downarrow$</p> <p>Catalyst $\quad$ Converting something $NO_x, CO, C_xH_y$</p> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-01-chemical-kinetics-l-1_16-n5vq9bmob_u-11.jpg"></p> <!----> <!----> <!----> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Chemistry in cars</span> </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Chemistry in cars</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: center; width:100%;'> <!----> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/6c2686a0-e35c-4313-6056-661d9b07ed00/public" style='width:50%'> <!----> <!----> <!----> <!----> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Chemistry in cars</span> </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Chemistry in cars</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;'> <!----> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/2344e6cf-fc74-4612-fe39-85b49a670f00/public" style='width:50%'> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Chemistry in cars</span> </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Chemistry in cars</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/a552267f-200a-46cb-0ffc-2828a3796500/public" style='width:50%'> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Chemistry in cars</span> </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Chemistry in cars</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;'> <!--<img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/b2bc694f-4518-48c2-a177-3f33d1d40d00/public" style='width:50%'>--> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/a94e87e8-81c8-469f-03ed-9d743ffde800/public" width="40%"> <!--<img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/b8357431-28ff-4c9b-24a4-e2e34557ad00/public" width="50%">--> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Chemistry in cars</span> </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Chemistry in cars</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li><strong>Rhodium is reducing $NO_x$</strong></li> </ul> <p>$\qquad \downarrow$</p> <p>$N_2$(g) + $O_2$(g)</p> <ul> <li>Still left with CO(g),$C_x{H}_y$(g)</li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <!----> <!----> <!--<img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/b8357431-28ff-4c9b-24a4-e2e34557ad00/public" width="100%">--> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/c199f79d-50fe-4bde-b724-1870ca16cb00/public" width="100%"> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Chemistry in cars</span> </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Chemistry in cars</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>Pt and $\mathrm{Pd} \rightarrow$ oxidise CO and $C_xH_y$</p> </li> <li> <p>$ 2CO(g) +O_2(g)\rightarrow 2CO_2(g)$</p> </li> <li> <p>$ C_xH_y(g) + O_2(g) \rightarrow CO_2(g) +H_2O(g)$</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <!----> <!----> <!--<img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/b8357431-28ff-4c9b-24a4-e2e34557ad00/public" width="100%">--> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/c199f79d-50fe-4bde-b724-1870ca16cb00/public" width="100%"> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Chemistry in cars</span> </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Chemical kinetics Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Chemistry in cars</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>50-70 ms (milliseconds) $\hspace{1mm}$ $\rightarrow$ gas to go through the converter $\hspace{0.1mm}$</p> </li> <li> <p>BHARAT STAGE IV</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-04-chapter-01-chemical-kinetics-l-1_16-n5vq9bmob_u-13.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Chemical kinetics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Rate of a reaction $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Chemistry in cars</span> </footer>

<p><Success style= "margin-top:16rem;text-align:center;"><B>Thank you</B></Success></p>