chemistry-class-12-unit-03-chapter-02-electro-chemistry-l-2-6-9-ufu9cninm

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Electrochemistry Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration</B></primary></p>
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<ul>
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<p><strong>Debye-Huckel-Onsager equation</strong></p>
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<li>
<p>$\Lambda_m = \Lambda^0_m-A\sqrt C$</p>
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<p>The value of the constant ‘A’ for a given solvent and temperature depends on the type of electrolyte</p>
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</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:40%;'>
<img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/1354a25f-44a1-41cf-ccc6-98d3289ae600/public" style='width:100%;'>

</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> <span style="color:blue">Variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration</span> $\rightarrow$ Electrochemistry $\rightarrow$ Degree of dissociation of weak electcrolytes $\rightarrow$ Molar conductance $\rightarrow$ Questions $\rightarrow$ Electrochemical cell $\rightarrow$ Cell reactions and representations $\rightarrow$ Half cell reactions </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Electrochemistry Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>$CH_3COOH \rightleftharpoons CH_3COO^- + H^+$</p>
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<p>$\Lambda_m=K.V$</p>
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<p>$\Lambda_m^o(CH_3COOH) = \Lambda_m^0(HCl) + \Lambda_m^o(CH_3COO^{-}Na^{+}) - \Lambda_m^o(NaCl)$</p>
</li>
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<p>$\Lambda^o_m (HCl) = \lambda^o_{Cl^-} + \lambda^o_{H^+}$</p>
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<p>$\lambda^o \quad (S cm^2 mol^{-1})$</p>
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<p>$H^+ \quad 349.8$</p>
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<p>$Li^+ \quad 38.6$</p>
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</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-03-chapter-02-electro-chemistry-l-2_6-9_ufu9cninm-2(2).jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> <span style="color:blue">Variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration</span> $\rightarrow$ Electrochemistry $\rightarrow$ Degree of dissociation of weak electcrolytes $\rightarrow$ Molar conductance $\rightarrow$ Questions $\rightarrow$ Electrochemical cell $\rightarrow$ Cell reactions and representations $\rightarrow$ Half cell reactions </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Electrochemistry Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Electrochemistry</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
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<p>$\Lambda^o_m (HCl) = \lambda^o_{H^+} + \lambda^o_{Cl^-}$</p>
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<p>$\lambda_+ = Fu_+$</p>
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<p>$\lambda^o_+ = Fu_+^o$</p>
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<p>$\Lambda_m^o(CH_3COOH) = \Lambda_m^o(HCl) +$ $\Lambda_m^o(CH_3COONa)-\Lambda_m^o(NaCl)$</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-03-chapter-02-electro-chemistry-l-2_6-9_ufu9cninm-02.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Electrochemistry</span> $\rightarrow$ Degree of dissociation of weak electcrolytes $\rightarrow$ Molar conductance $\rightarrow$ Questions $\rightarrow$ Electrochemical cell $\rightarrow$ Cell reactions and representations $\rightarrow$ Half cell reactions </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Electrochemistry Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Degree of dissociation of weak  electcrolytes</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
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<p>$\lambda^{o} _{m} (HCl) = \lambda^{o} _{H^{+}} + \lambda^{o} _{Cl^{-}}$</p>
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<p>$\alpha = \frac{\Lambda_m}{\Lambda_m^o}$</p>
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<li>
<p>$HA \leftrightharpoons H^+ + A^-$</p>
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<p>$c(1-\alpha)\quad c\alpha \quad c \alpha$</p>
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<li>
<p>$Ka = \frac{c \alpha^2}{(1 - \alpha)} = \frac{C \Lambda m^2}{\Lambda_m^o(\Lambda_m^o - \Lambda m)}$</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
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</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration $\rightarrow$ Electrochemistry $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Degree of dissociation of weak electcrolytes</span> $\rightarrow$ Molar conductance $\rightarrow$ Questions $\rightarrow$ Electrochemical cell $\rightarrow$ Cell reactions and representations $\rightarrow$ Half cell reactions </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Electrochemistry Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Molar conductance</B></primary></p>
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<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
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<p>$\Lambda_m = \frac{1000 K}{C}$</p>
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<p>$m \rightarrow Scm^2 mol^{-1}$</p>
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<p>$C \rightarrow$ molar Conductance</p>
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<p>Equivalent conductivity = $(\Lambda_{eq})$ $(\Lambda)$</p>
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<p>$\Lambda_m = Z \Lambda_{eq}$ $\quad Z = V_+ Z_+ = V_- Z_-$</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-03-chapter-02-electro-chemistry-l-2_6-9_ufu9cninm-03.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration $\rightarrow$ Electrochemistry $\rightarrow$ Degree of dissociation of weak electcrolytes $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Molar conductance</span> $\rightarrow$ Questions $\rightarrow$ Electrochemical cell $\rightarrow$ Cell reactions and representations $\rightarrow$ Half cell reactions </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Electrochemistry Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Questions</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
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<p><strong>Question</strong> Calculate   $\Lambda^o_m$ for $CaCl_2$ or $MgSO_4$ using Standard data.</p>
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<p>$\quad \lambda_+^o,\lambda_-^o$</p>
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<p><strong>Question</strong> Estimate the value of $\Lambda^o_m$ for CH₃COOH.</p>
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<p>It $\Lambda^o_m$ for Nacl, HCl & Na Acetate is given</p>
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</ul>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration $\rightarrow$ Electrochemistry $\rightarrow$ Degree of dissociation of weak electcrolytes $\rightarrow$ Molar conductance $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Electrochemical cell $\rightarrow$ Cell reactions and representations $\rightarrow$ Half cell reactions </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Electrochemistry Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Questions</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
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<p><strong>Question</strong> Estimation of dissociation Constant of weak electrolyte from Conductance data.</p>
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<p><strong>Question</strong> Why k decreases with dilution & white $\Lambda_m$ increases?</p>
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<p><strong>Question</strong> Why AC(alternating current) is used to measure conductance of electrolyte solution and why platinized Pt electrodes are used?</p>
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</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-03-chapter-02-electro-chemistry-l-2_6-9_ufu9cninm-04.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration $\rightarrow$ Electrochemistry $\rightarrow$ Degree of dissociation of weak electcrolytes $\rightarrow$ Molar conductance $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Questions</span> $\rightarrow$ Electrochemical cell $\rightarrow$ Cell reactions and representations $\rightarrow$ Half cell reactions </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Electrochemistry Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Electrochemical cell</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:70%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
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<p><strong>Making use of Chemical energy to produce electrical energy</strong></p>
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<p>$Zn(s) + CuSO_4 → ZnSO_4 + Cu(s)$</p>
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<p>1.1 v</p>
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<p>$[Zn^{2+}]=[Cu^{2+}]= 1mol/dm³$</p>
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<p>$Zn(s) + CuSO_4 → ZnSO_4 + Cu(s) \rightarrow$</p>
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<p>Such a device is called a galvanic or a voltaic cell</p>
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<p>Daniell cell</p>
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</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:30%;'>
<img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/d968f26d-c973-46e0-bff7-c4340a668f00/public" width="100%">

</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration $\rightarrow$ Electrochemistry $\rightarrow$ Degree of dissociation of weak electcrolytes $\rightarrow$ Molar conductance $\rightarrow$ Questions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Electrochemical cell</span> $\rightarrow$ Cell reactions and representations $\rightarrow$ Half cell reactions </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Electrochemistry Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Cell reactions and representations</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Half cell reactions</p>
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<p><strong>Reduction process</strong></p>
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<p>$Cu^{2+} + 2e \rightarrow Cu(s)$ $\quad \Delta G = -nFE$</p>
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<p><strong>Oxidation reaction</strong></p>
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<li>
<p>$Zn(s) \rightarrow Zn^{2+} + 2e$</p>
</li>
</ul>
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</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration $\rightarrow$ Electrochemistry $\rightarrow$ Degree of dissociation of weak electcrolytes $\rightarrow$ Molar conductance $\rightarrow$ Questions $\rightarrow$ Electrochemical cell $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Cell reactions and representations</span> $\rightarrow$ Half cell reactions </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Electrochemistry Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Cell reactions and representations</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>
<p><strong>Galvanic cell</strong></p>
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<p>Metal(1) | Electrolyte solution</p>
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<li>
<p>Electrolyte (1) || Electrolyte (2)</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-03-chapter-02-electro-chemistry-l-2_6-9_ufu9cninm-254-2738.4.jpg"></p>

</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration $\rightarrow$ Electrochemistry $\rightarrow$ Degree of dissociation of weak electcrolytes $\rightarrow$ Molar conductance $\rightarrow$ Questions $\rightarrow$ Electrochemical cell $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Cell reactions and representations</span> $\rightarrow$ Half cell reactions </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Electrochemistry Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Half cell reactions</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>$Zn\rightarrow Zn^{2+} + 2e$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>$Zn^{2+} + 2e \rightarrow Zn =>\phi_{Zn^{2+}/Zn}$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>$Cu^{2+} + 2e \rarr Cu =>\phi_{Cu^{2+}/Cu}$</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>$E^o_{cell} = \phi_R - \phi_L > 0 $(Reduction Scheme)</p>
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<p>Standard reaction potential</p>
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</ul>
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</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration $\rightarrow$ Electrochemistry $\rightarrow$ Degree of dissociation of weak electcrolytes $\rightarrow$ Molar conductance $\rightarrow$ Questions $\rightarrow$ Electrochemical cell $\rightarrow$ Cell reactions and representations $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Half cell reactions</span> </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Electrochemistry Lecture-2</B></Success></p>
<p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Half cell reactions</B></primary></p>
<hr>
<main>
<div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Half cell Potential</p>
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<p>$\phi ^o \quad \sim$ unity and conscentration activity</p>
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<p>EMF= limit cell Potential</p>
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<p>Current is 0 (Poggendorf compensation method)</p>
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</ul>
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<div style='float: right; width:0%;'>
<p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-03-chapter-02-electro-chemistry-l-2_6-9_ufu9cninm-326-3410.4.jpg"></p>
</div>
</main>
<hr>
<footer style="font-size:18px;"> Variation of conductivity and molar conductivity with concentration $\rightarrow$ Electrochemistry $\rightarrow$ Degree of dissociation of weak electcrolytes $\rightarrow$ Molar conductance $\rightarrow$ Questions $\rightarrow$ Electrochemical cell $\rightarrow$ Cell reactions and representations $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Half cell reactions</span> </footer>