<p><Success style= "margin-top:16rem;text-align:center;"><B>Electrochemistry<br>Lecture-1</B></Success></p>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Electrochemistry Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Conductance of electrolytic solutions</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:60%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Good conductor</strong> - Almost fully conducting</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Semi conductor</strong> - Partially conducting</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Insulators</strong> - Not conducting</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:40%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/d81ef417-45ed-466c-5649-74767e574e00/public" style='width:100%'> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> <span style="color:blue">Conductance of electrolytic solutions</span> $\rightarrow$ Difference between metallic conductor & electrolytic conductor $\rightarrow$ Some important points $\rightarrow$ Some important terms $\rightarrow$ Specific conductance or conductivity$(\kappa)$ $\rightarrow$ Molar conductance $\rightarrow$ Important terms $\rightarrow$ $\lambda_m vs \sqrt {C}\text{for weak electrolyte}$ $\rightarrow$ Köhlrausch law of independent migration of ions $\rightarrow$ $\lambda^o (S cm mol^{-1})\text {for different ions}$ </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Electrochemistry Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Difference between metallic conductor & electrolytic conductor</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <table> <thead> <tr> <th><strong>Metallic Conductor</strong></th> <th><strong>Electrolytic Conductor</strong></th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>1. Electrons</td> <td>1. Ions</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2. No transport of matter</td> <td>2. Electrolyte / ions are transpotive</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3. $R\propto T$</td> <td>$R\propto \frac{1}{T}$</td> </tr> <tr> <td>4. No chemical change</td> <td>4. Chemical Change at the electrodes</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-03-chapter-01-electro-chemistry-l-1_6-lbrxvlfdu9a-02.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Conductance of electrolytic solutions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Difference between metallic conductor & electrolytic conductor</span> $\rightarrow$ Some important points $\rightarrow$ Some important terms $\rightarrow$ Specific conductance or conductivity$(\kappa)$ $\rightarrow$ Molar conductance $\rightarrow$ Important terms $\rightarrow$ $\lambda_m vs \sqrt {C}\text{for weak electrolyte}$ $\rightarrow$ Köhlrausch law of independent migration of ions $\rightarrow$ $\lambda^o (S cm mol^{-1})\text {for different ions}$ </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Electrochemistry Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Some important points</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Resistance (R)</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>$R \propto l$</p> </li> <li> <p>$R \propto \frac{1}{A}$</p> </li> <li> <p>$R \propto \frac{l}{A}$</p> </li> <li> <p>or $R = \rho \frac{l}{A}$</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Conductance of electrolytic solutions $\rightarrow$ Difference between metallic conductor & electrolytic conductor $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Some important points</span> $\rightarrow$ Some important terms $\rightarrow$ Specific conductance or conductivity$(\kappa)$ $\rightarrow$ Molar conductance $\rightarrow$ Important terms $\rightarrow$ $\lambda_m vs \sqrt {C}\text{for weak electrolyte}$ $\rightarrow$ Köhlrausch law of independent migration of ions $\rightarrow$ $\lambda^o (S cm mol^{-1})\text {for different ions}$ </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Electrochemistry Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Some important points</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>$\rho \rightarrow \text{specific resistance}$</p> </li> <li> <p>Conductance $= \frac{1}{R}$</p> </li> <li> <p>Conductance $= \frac{1}{\rho} \cdot \frac{A}{l}$</p> </li> <li> <p>Unit of resistance $Ohm$</p> </li> <li> <p>Unit of conductance $Ohm^{-1}$ , mho, Siemens</p> </li> <li> <p>$\frac{1}{\rho} \rightarrow \text{specific conductance or conductivity}$</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Conductance of electrolytic solutions $\rightarrow$ Difference between metallic conductor & electrolytic conductor $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Some important points</span> $\rightarrow$ Some important terms $\rightarrow$ Specific conductance or conductivity$(\kappa)$ $\rightarrow$ Molar conductance $\rightarrow$ Important terms $\rightarrow$ $\lambda_m vs \sqrt {C}\text{for weak electrolyte}$ $\rightarrow$ Köhlrausch law of independent migration of ions $\rightarrow$ $\lambda^o (S cm mol^{-1})\text {for different ions}$ </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Electrochemistry Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Some important terms</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:70%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>$\text{Conductance} = \text{specific conductance} \times \frac{A}{l}$</p> </li> <li> <p>$\Rightarrow \text{Specific Conductance} = \text{Conductance} \times \frac{l}{A}$</p> </li> <li> <p>$\frac{l}{A} \rightarrow \text{cell constant}$</p> </li> <li> <p>$\text{Specific conductance} = \text{conductance} \times \text{cell constant}$</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:30%;'> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/e3db4f1b-30be-4277-fe9c-e7374cd1ba00/public" style='width:100%;'> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Conductance of electrolytic solutions $\rightarrow$ Difference between metallic conductor & electrolytic conductor $\rightarrow$ Some important points $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Some important terms</span> $\rightarrow$ Specific conductance or conductivity$(\kappa)$ $\rightarrow$ Molar conductance $\rightarrow$ Important terms $\rightarrow$ $\lambda_m vs \sqrt {C}\text{for weak electrolyte}$ $\rightarrow$ Köhlrausch law of independent migration of ions $\rightarrow$ $\lambda^o (S cm mol^{-1})\text {for different ions}$ </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Electrochemistry Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Some important terms</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:70%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>Unit of Specific conductance= Siemens $\times \frac{l}{A}$ $= S m^{-1}$</p> </li> <li> <p>For unknown resistance Wheatstone bridge principal is used</p> </li> <li> <p>$\frac{R_1}{R_2} = \frac{R_3}{R_4}$</p> </li> <li> <p>$R_1 = \frac{R_3}{R_4} \cdot R_2 (\text{Balance point})$</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:30%;'> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/e3db4f1b-30be-4277-fe9c-e7374cd1ba00/public" style='width:100%;'> <!----> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Conductance of electrolytic solutions $\rightarrow$ Difference between metallic conductor & electrolytic conductor $\rightarrow$ Some important points $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Some important terms</span> $\rightarrow$ Specific conductance or conductivity$(\kappa)$ $\rightarrow$ Molar conductance $\rightarrow$ Important terms $\rightarrow$ $\lambda_m vs \sqrt {C}\text{for weak electrolyte}$ $\rightarrow$ Köhlrausch law of independent migration of ions $\rightarrow$ $\lambda^o (S cm mol^{-1})\text {for different ions}$ </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Electrochemistry Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Specific conductance or conductivity$(\kappa)$</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li>Specific Conductance = Conductance $\times$ cell constant</li> </ul> <table> <thead> <tr> <th>Materials</th> <th>Conductivity (S/m)</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>$\mathrm{Cu}$</td> <td>$6 \times 10^3$</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Silver</td> <td>$6.2 \times 10^3$</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Glass</td> <td>$\sim 1 \times 10^{-16}$</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Pure Water</td> <td>$\sim 4 \times 10^{-5}\left(\mathrm{H}_2 \mathrm{O} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{H}^{+}+\mathrm{OH} \mathrm{H}^{-}\right)$</td> </tr> <tr> <td>$0.1 \mathrm{M} \mathrm{Hcl}$</td> <td>$\sim 4->\mathrm{H}^{+}, \mathrm{Cl}^{-}$</td> </tr> <tr> <td>$\mathrm{Ge}$</td> <td>$\sim 2$</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-03-chapter-01-electro-chemistry-l-1_6-lbrxvlfdu9a-05.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Conductance of electrolytic solutions $\rightarrow$ Difference between metallic conductor & electrolytic conductor $\rightarrow$ Some important points $\rightarrow$ Some important terms $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Specific conductance or conductivity$(\kappa)$</span> $\rightarrow$ Molar conductance $\rightarrow$ Important terms $\rightarrow$ $\lambda_m vs \sqrt {C}\text{for weak electrolyte}$ $\rightarrow$ Köhlrausch law of independent migration of ions $\rightarrow$ $\lambda^o (S cm mol^{-1})\text {for different ions}$ </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Electrochemistry Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Molar conductance</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p><strong>Molar Conductance ($\lambda_{m}$)</strong></p> </li> <li> <p>$\lambda_m = \frac{\kappa}{c} $</p> </li> <li> <p>$\kappa \rarr Sm^{-1}$, $\qquad$</p> </li> <li> <p>$C = mol$ $m^{-3}$</p> </li> <li> <p>$\lambda_m \rightarrow Sm^2 mol^{-1}$</p> </li> </ul> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Conductance of electrolytic solutions $\rightarrow$ Difference between metallic conductor & electrolytic conductor $\rightarrow$ Some important points $\rightarrow$ Some important terms $\rightarrow$ Specific conductance or conductivity$(\kappa)$ $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Molar conductance</span> $\rightarrow$ Important terms $\rightarrow$ $\lambda_m vs \sqrt {C}\text{for weak electrolyte}$ $\rightarrow$ Köhlrausch law of independent migration of ions $\rightarrow$ $\lambda^o (S cm mol^{-1})\text {for different ions}$ </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Electrochemistry Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Molar conductance</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li><strong>Conductance</strong> is due to</li> </ul> <ul> <li> <p>No. of ions</p> </li> <li> <p>Charge of the ions $M_{(1)}^{+}, M_{(2)}^{2+}, M_{(3)}^{3+}$</p> </li> <li> <p>Speed of ions</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:00%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-03-chapter-01-electro-chemistry-l-1_6-lbrxvlfdu9a-06.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Conductance of electrolytic solutions $\rightarrow$ Difference between metallic conductor & electrolytic conductor $\rightarrow$ Some important points $\rightarrow$ Some important terms $\rightarrow$ Specific conductance or conductivity$(\kappa)$ $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Molar conductance</span> $\rightarrow$ Important terms $\rightarrow$ $\lambda_m vs \sqrt {C}\text{for weak electrolyte}$ $\rightarrow$ Köhlrausch law of independent migration of ions $\rightarrow$ $\lambda^o (S cm mol^{-1})\text {for different ions}$ </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Electrochemistry Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Important terms</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:70%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>1M NaCl diluted into $10^{-2}$ solution and its conductance is x Siemens then diluted into $\frac{1}{2}10^{-2}M$ solutionof NaCl then its expected conductance is is reduced</p> </li> <li> <p>Specific conductance $\times$ cell constant</p> </li> <li> <p>No. of ions $\downarrow$</p> </li> <li> <p>Charge on ion $\rightarrow$ no change</p> </li> <li> <p>Speed of ions $\rightarrow$ no change</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:30%;'> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/c6b4d0f9-81f6-48ac-0502-be8acf7a0b00/public" style ='width:80%;'> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Conductance of electrolytic solutions $\rightarrow$ Difference between metallic conductor & electrolytic conductor $\rightarrow$ Some important points $\rightarrow$ Some important terms $\rightarrow$ Specific conductance or conductivity$(\kappa)$ $\rightarrow$ Molar conductance $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Important terms</span> $\rightarrow$ $\lambda_m vs \sqrt {C}\text{for weak electrolyte}$ $\rightarrow$ Köhlrausch law of independent migration of ions $\rightarrow$ $\lambda^o (S cm mol^{-1})\text {for different ions}$ </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Electrochemistry Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Important terms</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>Molar Conductance $(\lambda_m)= \frac{\kappa}{C}$</p> </li> <li> <p>Unit of C(mol<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <mo>/</mo> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mn>3)</mn> </msup> </mstyle> </math></p> </li> <li> <p>As length(l) = 1, so V = $A\times l = A$</p> </li> <li> <p>$ \lambda_m = \kappa \frac{A}{l}\Rightarrow \lambda_m$ = $\kappa\times{V}$</p> </li> <li> <p>$\kappa$ decrease on dilution</p> </li> <li> <p>V increases on dilution</p> </li> <li> <p>$ \lambda_m$ increases on dilution</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <!----> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Conductance of electrolytic solutions $\rightarrow$ Difference between metallic conductor & electrolytic conductor $\rightarrow$ Some important points $\rightarrow$ Some important terms $\rightarrow$ Specific conductance or conductivity$(\kappa)$ $\rightarrow$ Molar conductance $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Important terms</span> $\rightarrow$ $\lambda_m vs \sqrt {C}\text{for weak electrolyte}$ $\rightarrow$ Köhlrausch law of independent migration of ions $\rightarrow$ $\lambda^o (S cm mol^{-1})\text {for different ions}$ </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Electrochemistry Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>$\lambda_m vs \sqrt {C}\text{for weak electrolyte}$</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:50%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <mi>C</mi> <msub> <mi>H</mi> <mn>3</mn> </msub> <mi>C</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>O</mi> <mi>H</mi> <mo>→</mo> </mstyle> </math>Weak electrolyte</p> </li> <li> <p>$\underset{\substack{\mathrm{(1-\alpha)}}}{\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{COOH}} \rightleftharpoons \underset{\alpha}{\mathrm{H}^{+}}+\underset{\alpha}{\mathrm{CH}_3 \mathrm{COO}^{-}}$</p> </li> <li> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <munder> <mo><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <mrow> <msubsup> <mo>λ</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mn></mn> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </math></mo> <mi></mi> </munder> <mo>=</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </math></p> </li> <li> <p><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <munder> <mo><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <mrow> <msubsup> <mo>λ</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mn></mn> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </math></mo> <mi></mi> </munder> <mo>=</mo> <mrow> <munderover> <mo><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mstyle displaystyle="true"> <mrow> <msubsup> <mo>λ</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mn>0</mn> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </math></mo> <mi></mi> <mn></mn> </munderover> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>A</mi> <msqrt> <mi>C</mi> </msqrt> </mstyle> </math></p> </li> <li> <p>$\lambda_m^{o} \rightarrow$ Molar Conductance at infinite dilution</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;'> <img src ="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/df5667d5-9ab2-4e93-bf76-606a488ced00/public" style='width:100%;'> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Conductance of electrolytic solutions $\rightarrow$ Difference between metallic conductor & electrolytic conductor $\rightarrow$ Some important points $\rightarrow$ Some important terms $\rightarrow$ Specific conductance or conductivity$(\kappa)$ $\rightarrow$ Molar conductance $\rightarrow$ Important terms $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">$\lambda_m vs \sqrt {C}\text{for weak electrolyte}$</span> $\rightarrow$ Köhlrausch law of independent migration of ions $\rightarrow$ $\lambda^o (S cm mol^{-1})\text {for different ions}$ </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Electrochemistry Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>Köhlrausch law of independent migration of ions</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>$\Lambda_m^{o}(KCl) - \Lambda_m^{o} (NaCl)$</p> </li> <li> <p>$ =\Lambda_m^{\circ}(K{Br})-\Lambda_m^{\circ}\left(Na{Br}\right)$</p> </li> <li> <p>$=\lambda^0_m(KI)$ - $\lambda^0_m(NaI)$ $\sim 23 \mathrm{Scm}^2 \mathrm{~mol}^{-1}$</p> </li> <li> <p>$\lambda^0_m(NaBr)$ - $\lambda^0_m(NaCl)$ = $\lambda^0_m(KBr)$ - $\lambda^0_m(KCl)$ $\sim 23 \mathrm{Scm}^2 \mathrm{~mol}^{-1}$</p> </li> <li> <p>$\lambda^0_m(KCl)$ = $\lambda^0_m(K^+)$ + $\lambda^0_m(Cl^-)$</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-03-chapter-01-electro-chemistry-l-1_6-lbrxvlfdu9a-09.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Conductance of electrolytic solutions $\rightarrow$ Difference between metallic conductor & electrolytic conductor $\rightarrow$ Some important points $\rightarrow$ Some important terms $\rightarrow$ Specific conductance or conductivity$(\kappa)$ $\rightarrow$ Molar conductance $\rightarrow$ Important terms $\rightarrow$ $\lambda_m vs \sqrt {C}\text{for weak electrolyte}$ $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">Köhlrausch law of independent migration of ions</span> $\rightarrow$ $\lambda^o (S cm mol^{-1})\text {for different ions}$ </footer>

<p><Success style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:28px;"> <B>Electrochemistry Lecture-1</B></Success></p> <p><primary style="float:center;text-align:center;font-size:24px;"> <B>$\lambda^o (S cm mol^{-1})\text {for different ions}$</B></primary></p> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;font-size:22px;text-align:left'> <ul> <li> <p>$\lambda^o$ (S cm $mol^{-1}$)</p> </li> <li> <p>$H^+-349.6$</p> </li> <li> <p>$OH^- {-} 199.1$</p> </li> <li> <p>$K^+-73.5$</p> </li> <li> <p>$Cl^- {-}76.3$</p> </li> <li> <p>$\lambda^0_m$ Weak Electrolyte</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'> <p><img alt="image" src="/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-12-unit-03-chapter-01-electro-chemistry-l-1_6-lbrxvlfdu9a-10.jpg"></p> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style="font-size:18px;"> Conductance of electrolytic solutions $\rightarrow$ Difference between metallic conductor & electrolytic conductor $\rightarrow$ Some important points $\rightarrow$ Some important terms $\rightarrow$ Specific conductance or conductivity$(\kappa)$ $\rightarrow$ Molar conductance $\rightarrow$ Important terms $\rightarrow$ $\lambda_m vs \sqrt {C}\text{for weak electrolyte}$ $\rightarrow$ Köhlrausch law of independent migration of ions $\rightarrow$ <span style="color:blue">$\lambda^o (S cm mol^{-1})\text {for different ions}$</span> </footer>

<p><Success style= "margin-top:16rem;text-align:center;"><B>Thank you</B></Success></p>