chemistry-class-11-unit-13-chapter-04-hydrocarbons-l-4-8-v8xgipuwgxk

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Hydrocarbons L-4 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Addition of Hydrogen </primary>
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- Alkenes add up one molecule of dihydrogen gas in the presence of finely divided nickel, palladium or platinum to form alkanes

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Hydrocarbons $\rightarrow$ Chemical properties $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Addition of Hydrogen </span> $\rightarrow$ Addition of Halogen $\rightarrow$ Addition of Hydrogen halides </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Hydrocarbons L-4 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Addition of Halogen </primary>
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- Halogens like bromine or chlorine add up to alkene to form vicinal dihalides

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Chemical properties $\rightarrow$ Addition of Hydrogen $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Addition of Halogen </span> $\rightarrow$ Addition of Hydrogen halides $\rightarrow$ Markovnikov rule </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Hydrocarbons L-4 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Addition of Hydrogen halides </primary>
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- Hydrogen halides (HCl, HBr,HI) add up to alkenes to form alkyl halides

- The order of reactivity of the hydrogen halides is HI > HBr > HCl

- Addition reaction of HBr to symmetrical alkenes

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Addition of Hydrogen $\rightarrow$ Addition of Halogen $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Addition of Hydrogen halides </span> $\rightarrow$ Markovnikov rule $\rightarrow$ Markovnikov rule </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Hydrocarbons L-4 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Markovnikov rule </primary>
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- Addition reaction of HBr to unsymmetrical alkenes

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Addition of Halogen $\rightarrow$ Addition of Hydrogen halides $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Markovnikov rule </span> $\rightarrow$ Markovnikov rule $\rightarrow$ Addition of sulphuric acid </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Hydrocarbons L-4 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Markovnikov rule </primary>
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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Addition of Hydrogen halides $\rightarrow$ Markovnikov rule $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Markovnikov rule </span> $\rightarrow$ Addition of sulphuric acid $\rightarrow$ Addition of $H_2O$ </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Hydrocarbons L-4 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Addition of sulphuric acid </primary>
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- Cold concentrated sulphuric acid adds to alkenes in to form alkyl hydrogen sulphate by the electrophilic addition reaction

- Mechanism

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Markovnikov rule $\rightarrow$ Markovnikov rule $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Addition of sulphuric acid </span> $\rightarrow$ Addition of $H_2O$ $\rightarrow$ Oxidation </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Hydrocarbons L-4 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Addition of $H_2O$ </primary>
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- In the presence of a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid alkenes react with water to form alcohols

- **Addition of $H_2O$**

- $CH_3-CH=CH_2+H_2 \xrightarrow{H^+} CH_3-C(OH)+CH_3$

- (1) $H_2O_H^+ \rightleftharpoons H-O(H)-H$

- (2) $CH_3-CH=CH_2+H-O(H)-H \rightarrow CH_3-CH-CH_3+H_2OOH$

- (3) $CH_3-CH-CH_3+H_2O \rightarrow CH_3-C(H)(OH_2)-CH_3+H_2O \rightarrow CH_3-CH-CH_3$

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Markovnikov rule $\rightarrow$ Addition of sulphuric acid $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Addition of $H_2O$ </span> $\rightarrow$ Oxidation $\rightarrow$ Oxidation of $MnO^-_4$ </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Hydrocarbons L-4 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Oxidation </primary>
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- Alkenes on reaction with cold, dilute, aqueous solution of potassium permanganate (Baeyer’s reagent) produce vicinal glycols
 
- Acidic potassium permanganate or acidic potassium dichromate oxidises alkenes to ketones and/or acids depending upon the nature of the alkene and the experimental conditions

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Addition of sulphuric acid $\rightarrow$ Addition of $H_2O$ $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Oxidation </span> $\rightarrow$ Oxidation of $MnO^-_4$ $\rightarrow$ Ozonolysis </footer>

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Oxidation $\rightarrow$ Oxidation of $MnO^-_4$ $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Ozonolysis </span> $\rightarrow$ Polymerization $\rightarrow$ Thank you </footer>