chemistry-class-11-unit-13-chapter-01-hydrocarbons-l-1-8-341-ttjartk

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Hydrocarbons L-1 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Hydrocarbons </primary>
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* Compounds that cantain 'C' and H only
* Example- methane, ethane 
* LPG, CNG, Petrol, Diesel, Polythene, we use tham as automobile fule
* Petrol, diesel are obtained by the fractional distillation of petroleum found under the earth’s crust
* All these fuels contain mixture of hydrocarbons, which are sources of energy

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ Hydrocarbon $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Hydrocarbons </span> $\rightarrow$ Types $\rightarrow$ Alkane </footer>

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Hydrocarbon $\rightarrow$ Hydrocarbons $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Types </span> $\rightarrow$ Alkane $\rightarrow$ Nomenclature </footer>

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* Structure and bonding of methane

- It has terahedral geomatry
- 'C' involves $sp^3$ hybrid orbital which overlap with s orbital of hydrogen
- C–C and C–H σbonds are formed by head-on overlapping of $sp^3$ hybrid orbitals of carbon and 1s orbitals of hydrogen atoms

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Hydrocarbons $\rightarrow$ Types $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Alkane </span> $\rightarrow$ Nomenclature $\rightarrow$ Isomerism </footer>

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- The names of such compounds are based on their chain structure, and end with suffix ‘-ane’ and carry a prefix indicating the number of carbon atoms present in the chain
- In a branched chain compound  the longest carbon chain in the molecule is identified
-  The numbering is done in such a way that the branched carbon atoms get the lowest possible numbers
- The names of alkyl groups attached as a branch are then prefixed to the name of the parent alkane and position of the substituents is indicated by the appropriate numbers
- If different alkyl groups are present, they are listed in alphabetical order
- If the two substituents are found in equivalent positions, the lower number
- is given to the one coming first in the alphabetical listing
- in alphabetical order, the prefixes iso- and neo- are considered to be the part of the fundamental name of alkyl group

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Types $\rightarrow$ Alkane $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Nomenclature </span> $\rightarrow$ Isomerism $\rightarrow$ Name this compound </footer>

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- Compounds having same molecular formula but different atomic structure
- First three alkanes – methane, ethane and propane have only one structure but higher alkanes can 
- have more than one structure

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Alkane $\rightarrow$ Nomenclature $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Isomerism </span> $\rightarrow$ Name this compound $\rightarrow$ Preparation </footer>

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- Find longest chain has 6 'C'
- Two terminal is present
- Find out which C is very close to the C that contain substitution
- Start numbering from right to left 2,4 dimethyl hexane

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Nomenclature $\rightarrow$ Isomerism $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Name this compound </span> $\rightarrow$ Preparation $\rightarrow$ Hydrogenation </footer>

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* Petroleum and natural gas are main source of hydrocarbons
* Natural gas contains 80% methane 10% ,ethane 10% alkane
* Petroleum contains higher hydrocarbon
* upto $C_{40}$ found in earth crust

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Isomerism $\rightarrow$ Name this compound $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Preparation </span> $\rightarrow$ Hydrogenation $\rightarrow$ Wurtz Coupling </footer>

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* Dihydrogen gas adds to alkenes and alkynes in the presence of finely divided catalysts like platinum, palladium or nickel to form alkanes
* Metals adsorb dihydrogen gas on their surfaces and activate the hydrogen – hydrogen bond 
* Platinum and palladium catalyse the reaction at room temperature
* At higher temperature and pressure are required with nickel catalysts

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Name this compound $\rightarrow$ Preparation $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Hydrogenation </span> $\rightarrow$ Wurtz Coupling $\rightarrow$ Decarboxylation </footer>

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* Alkyl halides on treatment with sodium metal in dry ethereal (free from moisture) solution give higher alkanes

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Preparation $\rightarrow$ Hydrogenation $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Wurtz Coupling </span> $\rightarrow$ Decarboxylation $\rightarrow$ Kolbe's synthesis </footer>

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* Sodium salts of carboxylic acids on heating with soda lime (mixture of sodium hydroxide and calcium oxide) give alkanes containing one carbon atom less than the carboxylic acid 
* This process of elimination of carbon dioxide from a carboxylic acid is known as decarboxylation

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Hydrogenation $\rightarrow$ Wurtz Coupling $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Decarboxylation </span> $\rightarrow$ Kolbe's synthesis $\rightarrow$ Thank you </footer>

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* An aqueous solution of sodium or potassium salt of a carboxylic acid on electrolysis gives alkane containing even number of carbon atoms at the anode

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Wurtz Coupling $\rightarrow$ Decarboxylation $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Kolbe's synthesis </span> $\rightarrow$ Thank you $\rightarrow$  </footer>