chemistry-class-11-unit-12-chapter-06-organic-chemistry-basic-principles-and-techniques-l-06-7-5sb9sgnjges

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Organic Chemistry Basic Principles And Techniques L-06 </Success>
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- A. Purification of organic compounds
- B. Identification of elements present

- A. Purification of organic compounds
    - 1. Sublimation - naphthelene
        - Solid $\rightarrow$ vapour $\rightarrow$ solid
    - 2. Crystallization - to purify organic solids

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ Basic principle and techniques $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Organic compounds </span> $\rightarrow$ Purification of organic compounds $\rightarrow$ Distillation </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Organic Chemistry Basic Principles And Techniques L-06 </Success>
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- 3. Distillation

- to purify liquids

- Normal pressure distillation

- Vacuum distillation

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- Vacuum distillation

- Liquid boils at lower temperature at reduced pressure

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Organic compounds $\rightarrow$ Purification of organic compounds $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Distillation </span> $\rightarrow$ Distillation $\rightarrow$ Distillation </footer>

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- Fractional distillation

- Benzene - $80 ^0C$

- Xylene - $110^0C - 120^0C$

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- 4. Extraction(selective)
    - Benzene and benzoic acid mixed together

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Distillation $\rightarrow$ Distillation $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Purification of organic compounds </span> $\rightarrow$ Purification of organic compounds $\rightarrow$ Identification of elements present </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Organic Chemistry Basic Principles And Techniques L-06 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Purification of organic compounds </primary>
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- 5. Chromatography
    - Chromatography is three types -

- Column chromatography
 - $R_f = \frac{l}{m}$
- Paper chromatography (cellulose)

- Thin layer chromatography

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Distillation $\rightarrow$ Purification of organic compounds $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Purification of organic compounds </span> $\rightarrow$ Identification of elements present $\rightarrow$ Identification of elements present </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Organic Chemistry Basic Principles And Techniques L-06 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Identification of elements present </primary>
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-  C, H + $CuO + O_2\xrightarrow {\Delta} CO_2 + H_2O$

- $CO_2$ can tested with lime water

- $H_2O$ can tested with $CaCl_2$

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Purification of organic compounds $\rightarrow$ Purification of organic compounds $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Identification of elements present </span> $\rightarrow$ Identification of elements present $\rightarrow$ Identification of elements present </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Organic Chemistry Basic Principles And Techniques L-06 </Success>
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- Lassigne's test

- Also known as sodium fusion test

- Test for Nitrogen

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- Test for Sulphur-

- Nitrogen and sulphur both are present in an organic compound, sodium thiocyanate is formed It gives blood red colour and no prussian blue since there are no free cyanide ions

- On treating sodium fusion extract with sodium nitroprusside, appearance of a violet colour further indicates the presence of sulphur

- The sodium fusion extract is acidified with acetic acid and lead acetate is added to it a black precipitate of lead sulphide indicates the presence of sulphur

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### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Organic Chemistry Basic Principles And Techniques L-06 </Success>
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- Test for Halogens

- The sodium fusion extract is acidified with nitric acid and then treated with silver nitrate
- A white precipitate, soluble in ammonium hydroxide shows the presence of chlorine
- Yellowish precipitate, sparingly soluble in ammonium hydroxide shows the presence of bromine 
- Yellow precipitate, insoluble in ammonium hydroxide shows the presence of iodine

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Identification of elements present $\rightarrow$ Identification of elements present $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Identification of elements present </span> $\rightarrow$ Purification of organic compounds $\rightarrow$ Quantitative analysis </footer>

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- Test for Phosphorus-

- The compound is heated with an oxidising agent (sodium peroxide)
- The phosphorus present in the compound is oxidised tophosphate
- The solution is boiled with nitric acid and then treated with ammonium molybdate
- A yellow colouration or precipitate indicates the presence of phosphorus

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Identification of elements present $\rightarrow$ Identification of elements present $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Purification of organic compounds </span> $\rightarrow$ Quantitative analysis $\rightarrow$ Quantitative analysis </footer>

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- Quantitative analysis of compounds is very important in organic chemistry
- It helps chemists in the determination ofmass percent of elements present in a compound
- Limonene - Lemon / orange
 - A known mass of an organiccompound is burnt in the presence of excess of oxygen and copper(II)oxide

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Identification of elements present $\rightarrow$ Purification of organic compounds $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Quantitative analysis </span> $\rightarrow$ Quantitative analysis $\rightarrow$ Quantitative analysis </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Organic Chemistry Basic Principles And Techniques L-06 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Quantitative analysis </primary>
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- Carbon and hydrogen in the compound are oxidised to carbon dioxide and water respectively

- The mass of organic compound be m g, mass of water and carbon dioxide produced be Y and X g

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