chemistry-class-11-unit-12-chapter-03-organic-chemistry-basic-principles-and-techniques-l-03-7-gdvky2jcdxg

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Organic Chemistry Basic Principles And Techniques L-03 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Isomers </primary>
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* Isomers-same composition but different structures
* Isomers are classified into structural isomers and stereoisomers
* Types of structural isomers
 - Chain isomerism
 - Functional group isomerism
 - Positional isomerism
 - Metamerism
* $CH_3CH_2CH_2CH_3$- n-butane
* $CH_3CH_2(CH_3)CH_3$ - isobutane

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ Basic principles and techniques $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Isomers </span> $\rightarrow$ Isomers $\rightarrow$ Isomers </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Organic Chemistry Basic Principles And Techniques L-03 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Geometrical isomers </primary>
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* Example of cis-trans isomerism
* Physical and chemical properties are different for each isomer

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Geometrical isomers $\rightarrow$ Geometrical isomers $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Geometrical isomers </span> $\rightarrow$ Optical isomers $\rightarrow$ Optical isomers </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Organic Chemistry Basic Principles And Techniques L-03 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Optical isomers </primary>
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* Chiral carbon 
 - when all the four groups that are attached to a carbon atom are different then it is known as chiral carbon
 - Also known as asymmetric carbon 
 - The term chiral means handedness

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Geometrical isomers $\rightarrow$ Optical isomers $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Optical isomers </span> $\rightarrow$ Optical isomers $\rightarrow$ Electronic effects in organic chemistry </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Organic Chemistry Basic Principles And Techniques L-03 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Optical isomers </primary>
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* Enantiomers optical isomers that are mirror images of each other and are non superimposile
- C(a , b , c , d) and C(w , x , y , z) means four different groups are attached to carbon atom, they would constitue a set of isomers which are known as the optical isomers

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Optical isomers $\rightarrow$ Optical isomers $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Optical isomers </span> $\rightarrow$ Electronic effects in organic chemistry $\rightarrow$ Inductive effect </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Organic Chemistry Basic Principles And Techniques L-03 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Electronic effects in organic chemistry </primary>
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- Inductive effect 
- Permanent effect
- Represented by I
- If there is electron withdrawing group then it is -I effect
- If there is electron donating group then it is +I effect

- $CH_3CH_2-Cl $ has -I effect

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Optical isomers $\rightarrow$ Optical isomers $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Electronic effects in organic chemistry </span> $\rightarrow$ Inductive effect $\rightarrow$ Inductive effect </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Organic Chemistry Basic Principles And Techniques L-03 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Inductive effect </primary>
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* Consequence of inductive effect
* Consequence is that the bond is polarised and a result of that charges/dipole being developed in the molecule
- Comparision of acetic acid and trichloroacetic acid in terms of acidity 
  - acetic acid has +I effect
  - trichloroacetic acid has - I effect

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Optical isomers $\rightarrow$ Electronic effects in organic chemistry $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Inductive effect </span> $\rightarrow$ Inductive effect $\rightarrow$ Inductive effect </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Organic Chemistry Basic Principles And Techniques L-03 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Inductive effect </primary>
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* Order of acidity of acids

* $CH_3COOH < ClCH_2COOH < Cl_2CHCOOH < Cl_3C-COOH$ 
 - As more and more electronegative chlorine is added to the molecule ; the acidity goes up in the particular order because of the *inductive effect of chlorine
 - $CH_3COOH$ - weak acid
 - $Cl_3C-COOH$ - strong acid

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Electronic effects in organic chemistry $\rightarrow$ Inductive effect $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Inductive effect </span> $\rightarrow$ Inductive effect $\rightarrow$ Inductive effect </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Organic Chemistry Basic Principles And Techniques L-03 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Electromeric effect </primary>
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* It is a temporary effect

* During the course of reaction as the $H^+$ approaches when it reaches a distance electromeric interaction can be seen there betwwen the $\pi$ electron and $H^+$ which is known as electromeric effect

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Inductive effect $\rightarrow$ Inductive effect $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Electromeric effect </span> $\rightarrow$ Electromeric effect $\rightarrow$ Electromeric effect </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Organic Chemistry Basic Principles And Techniques L-03 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Electromeric effect </primary>
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* Bromine is added to the molecule to give 1,2-dibromoethane
*Ethylene is devoid of charges as there are identical carbons so polarisation is not possible 
* When bromine is approaching closer to the molecule there will be electrostatic interaction between the two atoms which are approaching towards each other then there will be polarisation in the molecule

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Inductive effect $\rightarrow$ Electromeric effect $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Electromeric effect </span> $\rightarrow$ Electromeric effect $\rightarrow$ Electronic effects in organic chemistry </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Organic Chemistry Basic Principles And Techniques L-03 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Electromeric effect </primary>
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* Example

- $CN^-$ is approaching towards a carbonyl functional group

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Electromeric effect $\rightarrow$ Electromeric effect $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Electromeric effect </span> $\rightarrow$ Electronic effects in organic chemistry $\rightarrow$ Thank you </footer>