chemistry-class-11-unit-09-chapter-01-hydrogen-l-3-v2ch-edstm0

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Hydrogen L-3 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Abundance of elements in the earth's crust </primary>
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| Element | Mass fraction in PPM | Atomic No |
| -------- | -------- | -------- |
| Hydrogen    | 739000     | 1     |
| Helium    | 240000     | 2     |
| Oxygen    | 10400     | 8     |
| Carbon    | 4600     | 6     |
| Neon    | 1340     | 10     |
| Iron    | 1090     | 26     |
| Nitrogen    | 960     | 7     |
| Silicon    | 650     | 14     |
| Magnesium    | 580     | 12     |
| Sulfer    | 440     | 16     |

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Chemistry of main group elements $\rightarrow$ Abundance of elements in the earth's crust $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Abundance of elements in the earth's crust </span> $\rightarrow$ Common elements important in living organisms $\rightarrow$ Common elements important in living organisms </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Hydrogen L-3 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Common elements important in living organisms </primary>
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- The percentages are percent by mass of the indicated elements

- Solar system values are from arnett

- The composition of the human body is seen to be distinctly different from the abundance of the elements in the earth's crust

- The elements upon which life is based are often summarized by the combination CHONPS

- Note that nitrogen is rare on the earth, but is a major component of proteins, the working molecules of life

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Abundance of elements in the earth's crust $\rightarrow$ Abundance of elements in the earth's crust $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Common elements important in living organisms </span> $\rightarrow$ Common elements important in living organisms $\rightarrow$ Common elements important in living organisms </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Hydrogen L-3 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Common elements important in living organisms </primary>
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| Element | Symbol | Atomic Number | % by Mass in Solar System | Percent in Earth | Percent in Human Body |
| -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- |-------- |
| Hydrogen    | H     | 1   | 70.6  | 0.14 |9.5 |
| Helium    | He     | 2  | 27.5  | trace  |trace |
| Carbon    | C     | 6 | 0.30   | 0.03  |18.5 |
| Nitrogen    | N     | 7 | 0.11   | trace  |3.3 |
| Oxygen    | O     | 8 | 0.59   | 47  |65 |
| Sodium    | Na     | 11   | 0.0033  | 2.8 |0.2 |

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Abundance of elements in the earth's crust $\rightarrow$ Common elements important in living organisms $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Common elements important in living organisms </span> $\rightarrow$ Common elements important in living organisms $\rightarrow$ Hydrogen </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Hydrogen L-3 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Common elements important in living organisms </primary>
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| Element | Symbol | Atomic Number | % by Mass in Solar System | Percent in Earth | Percent in Human Body |
| -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- |-------- |
| Magnesium    | Mg     | 12  | 0.0069  | 2.1  |0.1 |
| Phosphorus    | P     | 15 | trace   | 0.07  |1 |
| Sulfur    | S     | 16 | 0.0396   | 0.03  |0.03 |
| Chlorine    | Cl     | 17 | trace   | 0.01  |0.02 |
| Potassium    | K     | 19   | trace  | 2.6 |0.04 |
| Calcium    | Ca     | 20  | 0.006  | 3.6  |1.5 |
| Iron    | Fe     | 26 | 0.12   | 5  |trace |

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Common elements important in living organisms $\rightarrow$ Common elements important in living organisms $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Common elements important in living organisms </span> $\rightarrow$ Hydrogen $\rightarrow$ Hydrogen </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Hydrogen L-3 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Hydrogen </primary>
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- Simplest element in the periodic table
  
  - But chemistry is vast and diverse
   
  - It is very difficult to place it in any group of the periodic table
   
  - Electronic configuration is similar to alkali metals $\left(1 s^1\right)$ and for this reason it is placed at the top of group 1 belongs to alkali metals

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Common elements important in living organisms $\rightarrow$ Hydrogen $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Hydrogen </span> $\rightarrow$ First IEs$(KJmol^{-1})$ $\rightarrow$ First IEs$(KJmol^{-1})$ </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Hydrogen L-3 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Isotope of hydrogen </primary>
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- $^6Li+n \rightarrow ^3H+^4He$

- $^1H\hspace{3mm}H\hspace{3mm} Protium \hspace{3mm}1e,1p \hspace{3mm}0n$

- $^2H\hspace{3mm}D\hspace{3mm}Denterium\hspace{3mm}1e,1p\hspace{3mm}1n$

- $^3H\hspace{3mm}T\hspace{3mm}Tritium\hspace{3mm}1e,1p\hspace{3mm}2n$

- 99.98% $^1H$

- 0.02% $\hspace{3mm}D$

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Isotope of hydrogen $\rightarrow$ Isotope of hydrogen $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Isotope of hydrogen </span> $\rightarrow$ Isotope of hydrogen $\rightarrow$ Isotope of hydrogen </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Hydrogen L-3 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Isotope of hydrogen </primary>
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* The deuterium:protium ratio found in comets is very similar to that in Earth's oceans (156 atoms of D per million H) also support the theories that much of earth's ocean water is originated from comets

* For example in electrolysis of water, hydrogen gas produced is enriched in ${ }^1 \mathrm{H}$ and the residual water is enriched in the heavier, and more slowly reacting , $D$

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Isotope of hydrogen $\rightarrow$ Isotope of hydrogen $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Isotope of hydrogen </span> $\rightarrow$ Occurrence and manufacture $\rightarrow$ Methods of preparation of $\mathrm{H}_2$ </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Hydrogen L-3 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Hydride </primary>
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* S-block elements form ionic hydrides, whereas p-block elements produce covalent hydrides and d-block and f-block elements produce metallic hydrides (look like metals, conduct electricity but are brittle)

* Hydrides of Al, Be and Mg are polymeric solids

* Classify the following compounds into ionic, covalent and metallic hydrides

- $H_2S,NH_3,PH_3,AlH_3,CH_4,NaH,CaH_2,LiH,BeH_2,[ReH_9]^{2-}$

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![image](https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-11-unit-09-chapter-01-hydrogen-l-3-v2ch-edstm0-246-1550.4.jpg)
![image](https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-11-unit-09-chapter-01-hydrogen-l-3-v2ch-edstm0-248-1588.8.jpg)

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Hydride $\rightarrow$ Hydride $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Hydride </span> $\rightarrow$ Ionic hydrides $\rightarrow$ Ionic hydrides </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Hydrogen L-3 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Ionic hydrides </primary>
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* Metals with electronegativity less than 1.2 form ionic hydrides

* Hydrogen behaves very similar to halogens as both are one electron short to attain next inert gas configuration

* $H \rightarrow H^-(s^2) Cl \rightarrow Cl^-(s^2p^5\hspace{2mm} to \hspace{2mm} s^2p^6)$

* Cl readily forms $Cl^-$ compared to H forming $H^-$ owing to the large electron affinity

* Halide ions are stable in water, whereas hydride ions readily hydrolyzed

* $H^-+H_2O \rightarrow H_2+OH^-$

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![image](https://temp-public-img-folder.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/sathee.prutor.images/subject-images/iitpal/image/chemistry-class-11-unit-09-chapter-01-hydrogen-l-3-v2ch-edstm0-250-1663.2.jpg)

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Hydride $\rightarrow$ Hydride $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Ionic hydrides </span> $\rightarrow$ Ionic hydrides $\rightarrow$ Ionic hydrides </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Hydrogen L-3 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Covalent hydrides </primary>
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| 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 |
| -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- |
| $B_2H_6$    | $C_nH_{2n+2}$     | $NH_3$   | $H_2O$  | HF |
|     | $C_nH_{2n}$     | $PH_3$  | $H_2O_2$  | HCl  |
|     | $C_nH_{2n-2}$     | $aSH_3$ | $H_2S$   | HBr  |
|     |      | $AsBH_3$ | $H_2Se$   | Hl  |
|     |      | $SbH_3$ | $H_2Te$   |   |

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Ionic hydrides $\rightarrow$ Covalent hydrides $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Covalent hydrides </span> $\rightarrow$ Covalent hydrides $\rightarrow$ Synthetic methodologies </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Hydrogen L-3 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Hydrogen bonds </primary>
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* What are these hydrogen bonds?

- When hydrogen is bonded to the highly electronegative elements such as F,O,Cl or N

- Secondary interaction arising due to the partially charged ions $(\delta +$ & $\delta -)$,i.e. partially positively charged H and partially negatively charged atoms is called a hydrogen bond

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Covalent hydrides $\rightarrow$ Covalent hydrides $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Hydrogen bonds </span> $\rightarrow$ Molecular mass $\rightarrow$ Shape of water molecule </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Hydrogen L-3 </Success>
### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Hydrogen bond strength </primary>
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* Ice has extensive hydrogen bonding

* Hydrogen bonding is responsible for the double helix structure of DNA

* Hydrogen bonding is responsible for the structure and activities of biologically important proteins and enzymes

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<footer style = "font-size: 18px">Shape of water molecule $\rightarrow$ Hydrogen bond strength $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Hydrogen bond strength </span> $\rightarrow$ Structure of water molecule using VBT concept $\rightarrow$ Structure of water molecule using VBT concept </footer>