### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Chemical Thermodynamics L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Chemical thermodynamics </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:50%;text-align:center;font-size:30px'> </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Chemical thermodynamics </span> $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Chemical Thermodynamics L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Thermodynamics </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;text-align:left;font-size:30px;'> - Essential concepts and definitions - Heat, work & energy, internal energy - First law of thermodynamics - Calculation of work, heat in different process for an ideal gas - Enthalpy and heat capacity - Determination of ${\Delta U}$ and ${\Delta H}$ </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px"> $\rightarrow$ Chemical thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Thermodynamics </span> $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Chemical Thermodynamics L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Thermodynamics </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:50%;text-align:center;font-size:30px'> </div> <div style='float: center; width:100%;'> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/5eb5b427-9d82-4394-2a64-a315c8fab100/public" style='width:70%'> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Chemical thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Thermodynamics </span> $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Chemical Thermodynamics L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Thermodynamics </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> - Equilibrium systems - large number molecules - Macroscopic systems - **System** - A system in thermodynamics refers to that part of universe in which observations are made - **Surroundings**- The remaining part of universe other than system is called surroundings </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Thermodynamics </span> $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Chemical Thermodynamics L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Thermodynamics </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:50%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> - **A open system-** exchange matter and energy with surroundings - **A closed system-** exchange energy with surroundings but it can not exchange any matter with surroundings </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;max-width:450px;'> <!--<!--> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/f3e53a96-e97a-4e16-512f-4c53f08f0500/public" width="60%"> <!--<img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/cdd8a092-d2de-49ea-f021-57057dbf7700/public" width="50%">--> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Thermodynamics </span> $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Chemical Thermodynamics L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Thermodynamics </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> - **An isolated system-** No exchange of energy and matter is allowed between the system and the surroundings ostly deal with closed system - **Walls / boundaries-** A system is seperated from surroundings by various kind of walls </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Thermodynamics </span> $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Chemical Thermodynamics L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Thermodynamics </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> - Rigid or non rigid (movable) - Permeable or impermeable - Adiabatic or nonadiabatic (diathermal) - A system is rigid, impermeable and adiabatic walls an isolated system </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Thermodynamics </span> $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Chemical Thermodynamics L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Thermodynamics </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> - **P, T, V Composition**- the values of which need to specified - **State of the system** - Ideal gas $PV = nRT$ - equation of state - **State variables** - P, V, T </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Thermodynamics </span> $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Chemical Thermodynamics L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Thermodynamics </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;text-align:left;font-size:30px'> - **Extensive variables**- Depends on the size of system - **Intensive varibles**- Do not depend on the size of the system - Phases - Density - Hetrogeneous - Homogeneous </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Thermodynamics </span> $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Chemical Thermodynamics L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Thermodynamics </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;text-align:left;font-size:30px;'> - $State-1(P_1, T_1, V_1, n) \xrightarrow {Process} State-2(P_2, T_2, V_2, n)$ - **Isothermal process**- Temperature is fixed throughout the process - **Isobaric process**- Pressure is fixed throughtout the process - **Isochoric process**- Volume is fixed throughtout the process - **Adiabatic process**- No heat transfer takes place </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Thermodynamics </span> $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Chemical Thermodynamics L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Thermodynamics </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:70%;text-align:center;font-size:25px'> - Heat exchange - Mechanical exchange - P-V work exchange... - Energy exchange between system and surrounding happens on work when the non-rigid wall move due to difference in pressure inside outside the system - Energy exchange between system and surroundings happens or heat when there is a temperature difference between system and surroundings </div> <div style='float: right; width:30%;'> <!----> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/a19cb2c4-a75b-4d3e-5173-150124170800/public" width="100%"> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Thermodynamics </span> $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Chemical Thermodynamics L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Thermodynamics </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:70%;text-align:center;font-size:30px'> - $(NH_2)_2 CO(s) +\frac{3}{2} O_2 (g) \rightarrow CO_2(g) + 2 H_2O(l)+N_2(g)$ </div> <div style='float: right; width:30%;max-width:150px;'> <!----> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/f34c3f27-a231-44fc-f61e-e470cd632500/public" width="50%"> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Thermodynamics </span> $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Chemical Thermodynamics L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Thermodynamics </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:50%;text-align:center;font-size:30px'> - **Energy of system** - K = macroscopic kinetic energy - $\Delta K =0$ - V = macroscopic potential energy - $\Delta V =0$ - State-1 to State-2 - Internal energy (U) - Total energy change of the system $1 \rightarrow 2$ - $\Delta E = \Delta K + \Delta V + \Delta U$ - $\Delta E = \Delta U$ </div> <div style='float: right; width:50%;max-width:450px;'> <!----> <!----> <img src="https://imagedelivery.net/YfdZ0yYuJi8R0IouXWrMsA/1f362e65-a190-4b22-0ae0-6606fb8a0500/public" width="60%"> </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Thermodynamics </span> $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Thank you </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Chemical Thermodynamics L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Thermodynamics </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: left; width:100%;text-align:LEFT;font-size:30px'> - Internal energy (U) - due to molecular motions + intermolecular interactions - U = molecular translation , rotational, vibrational, and electronic energies, + relativistic rest-mass energy , $m_{rest} c^2$ of electrons ad the nuclei + potential energy of interaction between the molecules </div> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Thermodynamics </span> $\rightarrow$ Thank you $\rightarrow$ </footer>

### <Success style="font-size:25px"> Chemical Thermodynamics L-1 </Success> ### <primary style="font-size:24px"> Thank you </primary> <hr> <main> <div style='float: right; width:0%;'>  </div> </main> <hr> <footer style = "font-size: 18px">Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ Thermodynamics $\rightarrow$ <span style = "color:blue"> Thank you </span> $\rightarrow$ $\rightarrow$ </footer>